Scudder's
Latin Reader
LiBRARY OF CONGRESS.
©lap, ©Dprjg^i la —
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
FIRST LATIN READER
INCLUDING
principles of ^gntax
AND
lExcrcises for ^Translation
/BY
JARED W. SCUDDER, A.M.
Latin Master in the Albany Academy
^,^ OF 09^5^
/
Boston
ALLYN AND BACON
1895
0.3
^s
Copyright, 1895,
By Jaked W. Scudder.
/^-3?yi-5'
Electrotyping by C. J. Peteks & Son.
Pkesswork by Berwick & Smith.
PREFACE.
The first distinctive feature of this book is, as its
name suggests, that the lessons contain connected Latin
passages for the pupil to read. As soon as practicable,
the special grammatical points to be learned in each
lesson are illustrated, not in disconnected sentences,
but in a continuous Latin story. The stories are drawn
chiefly from Eoman mythology and traditional Eoman
history, interspersed with an occasional passage on the
life of the Eomans. This plan has the following advan-
tages : —
1. It acts as a j^owerful incentive to work,
2. It adds directly to the pnpiVs knowledge of Roviaii
mythology^ traditions^ and customs.
3. It emphasizes at the outset the fact that grammar
is merely a means to the enjoyment of literature.
The second feature of the book is that all the exer-
cises for translating English into Latin are based on
the Latin text immediately preceding them.
A third point of special importance is that, beginning
with Lesson XX., a passage to be translated at sight is
included in every lesson. In the report of the Latin
Conference to the Committee on Secondary School
Studies this point is particularly emphasized. After
stating the views of those who shrink from adopting
IV PBEFACE,
translation at sight as the sole test of the piipiPs at-
tainments, the following significant sentence is added :
'^ Yet the importance of devoting a good deal of atten-
tion to translation at sight is now universally acknowl-
edged among the best teachers in school and college;
and the recommendation that translation at sight form
a constant and increasing part of the examination for
admission and of the work of preparation, is therefore
regarded by the Conference as of especial moment.''
Lastly, questions in Latin, referring to the text, are
included in the lessons, in the hope that teachers will
avail themselves of this simple but effective mode of
familiarizing their scholars with the Latin itself. Noth-
ing gives the pupil a firmer grasp on phrases, nothing
fits him more quickly to understand Latin without trans-
lating it, than this very method of asking and answering
questions in Latin.
In addition to these more important features of the
book, attention is directed to the following points : —
1. The systematic and thorough drill on pronuncia-
tion in the first two lessons.
2. The incorporation of all necessary principles of
English grammar in the body of the book.
3. The omission of the Vocative case in the para-
digms, sufiicient emphasis being laid upon it in the
rules.
4. The use of -is instead of -es in the Accusative
Plural of -i stems of the Third Declension. This has
not only become necessary on account of its use in many
of the latest school texts, but it is desirable as a means
of distinguishing between the Nominative and Accusative
Plural.
PEE FACE. V
5. The comparative view of the declensions of nouns
and adjectives in the tables on pages 204 and 211.
6. The comparative view of the four regular conjuga-
tions in the body of the book, supplemented on pages
221-231 by the presentation of the Active and Passive
voices of each conjugation^ side by side.
7. The questions for the pupils at the end of the
lessons. These are not intended to take the place of
questions by the teacher, but are merely to enable the
pupil to ascertain whether he has thoroughly mastered
his lesson.
The lessons appear to be much longer than they really
are. It must be remembered that the labors of the
pupil practically end with the translation of the English
sentences into Latin, the rest of the lesson being re-
served for the class-room.
The author is indebted to many friends for helpful
suggestions, but particularly to Professor P. J. Bartlett
of the Albany Normal College, and to Professor C. B.
GooLD of the Alban}^ Academy.
It is hoped that the use of this book will not only add
to the beginner's enjoyment of Latin, but that it will
insure rapid progress and unusual facility in reading
and understanding the language.
JARED W. SCUDDER.
Albany, N.Y., December, 1894.
CONTENTS.
LESSON PAGE
I. Alphabet. — Sounds of the Letters. — Quantity of
Vowels 1
II. Syllables. — Quantity of Syllables. — Accent .... 4
III. ^oun. — Verb. — Subject and Object 6
lY. Singular and Plural 8
Y. Rules. — Cases. — Inflection. — First Declension . . 10
YI. Gender. — Genitive of Possession. — Pronouns. — Ad-
verbs 12
YII. Dative of the Indirect Object. — Questions .... 15
YIII. Ablative of Separation. — Conjunctions. — Regina
Belgarum 17
IX. Second Declension: N'ouns in -us. — Yocative Case.
— Conloquium 19
X. Second Declension : Xouns in -um. — Predicate K'om-
inative. — Prepositions. — Fundus 21
XI. Adjectives in -us, -a, -um. — Ablative of Means. —
Cygnus 24
XII. Xouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir. — Apposition.
— Preposition in. — Pueri Romani 26
XIII. Tense. — Person. — Xumber. — Yerb Sum : Present,
Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Dative of Pos-
sessor. — Conloquium 30
XIY. Mood. — Principal Parts. —First Conjugation: Pres-
ent, Imperfect, and Future Indicative. — Perfida
Tarpeia 34
XY. Second Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative. — Mettius Curtius. — Sight Transla-
tion: Mettius Curtius (concluded) 37
vii
Vlll
CONTENTS.
LESSON PAGE
XYI. Third Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Future
Indicative. — Ablative of Manner. — Meleager.
— Sight Translation: Meleager {concluded) . . 40
XYII. Fourth Conjugation: Present, Imperfect, and Fu-
ture Indicative. — Ablative of Cause. — Perseus
et Andromeda. — Sight Translation: Perseus
et Andromeda {concluded) 43
XYIII. Third Declension: Liquid Stems. — Forum Roma-
num. — Sight Translation: Forum Romanum
{concluded) 46
XIX. Third Declension: Mute Stems. — Gabii. — Sight
Translation: Gabii {concluded) 50
XX. Third Declension : -i Stems. — Briitus et Filii
Tarquini. — Sight Translation: Brutus et Filii
Tarquini {concluded) 53
XXI. Third Declension : Mixed Stems. — Gender Rules.
Ablative of Accompaniment. — Horatius Codes.
— Sight Translation: Horatius Codes {con-
cluded) 57
XXII. Yerb Sum : Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative ; Imperative. — Atalanta. — Sight
Translation: Atalanta {concluded) 61
XXIII. Third Declension Adjectives : -i Stems. — First Con-
jugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect
Indicative; Imperative. — Deucalion etPyrrha.
— Sight Translation : Deucalion et Pyrrha
{concluded) 65
XXIY. Third Declension Adjectives: Consonant Stems.
— Second Conjugation: Perfect, Pluperfect, and
Future Perfect Indicative ; Imperative. — C. Mu-
cins Scaevola. — Sight Translation: C. Mucins
Scaevola {concluded) 69
XXY. Fourth Declension. — Third Conjugation: Perfect,
Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative; Im-
perative.— Duo Equites. — Sight Translation:
Duo Equites {concluded) 72
CONTENTS.
IX
LESSON PAGE
XXyi. Fifth Declension. — Fourtli Conjugation: Per-
fect, Pluperfect, and Future Perfect Indicative ;
Imperative. — Accusative of Time. — Proser-
pina.— Sight Translation: Proserpina (^con-
cluded) 76
XXyil. Personal and Keflexive Pronouns. — Double
Accusative. — Perseus et Medusa. — Sight
Translation: Perseus et Medusa (conh'?u{ed) 80
XXYIII. Voice. — First Conjugation : Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. — Ablative of Agent. — Per-
seus et Medusa (continued'). — Sight Trans-
lation : Perseus et Medusa (^concluded) . . 83
XXIX. Demonstrative Pronouns: Hie, Ille, Iste. —
Second Conjugation: Indicative and Impera-
tive Passive. — Arion et Delphinus. — Sight
Translation: Arion et Delphinus (con-
cluded) 88
XXX. Demonstrative Pronouns : Is, Idem, Ipse. —
Third Conjugation: Indicative and Imperative
Passive. — Domus Romana. — Sight Transla-
tion: Domus Romana (concluded) .... 92
XXXI. Kelative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns.
— Fourth Conjugation : Indicative and Imper-
ative Passive. Obsidio Veiorum. — Sight
Translation: Obsidio Veiorum (concluded) 96
XXXII. Eegular Comparison. — Declension of Compara-
tives.— Ablative with Comparatives. — The-
seus.— Sight Translation: Theseus (con-
tinued) 101
XXXIII. Irregular Comparison. — Ablative of Degree of
Difference. — Theseus et Latrones. — Sight
Translation: Theseus et Latrones (cont.) , 106
XXXiy. Formation and Comparison of Adverbs. — Geni-
tive and Ablative of Characteristic. — The-
seus et Latrones (continued), — Sight Trans-
lation: Theseus et Latrones (conc^w(^e(^) . 110
CONTENTS.
LESSON PAGE
XXXY. IS'uinerals. — Partitive Genitive. — Kine Irreg-
ular Adjectives. — Bupellex Domus Ro-
manae. — Sight Translation : Supellex Do-
mus Romanae {concluded) 114
XXXYI. Active Infinitives, — Complementary Infini-
tive. — Expressions of Place. — Theseus et
Aegeus. — Sight Translation: Theseus et
Aegeus {concluded) 119
XXXYII. Passive Infinitives. — Infinitive as a Xoun. —
Simple Indirect Discourse. — Dative with
Special Verbs. — Ablative of Specification. —
Daedalus. — Sight Translation: Daedalus
{concluded) 123
XXXYIII. Participles. — Ablative Absolute. — Theseus
et Minotaurus. — Sight Translation: The-
seus et Minotaurus {concluded) .... 129
XXXIX. Gerund. — Gerundive. — Supine. — Ablative of
Time. — Theseus et Ariadne. — Sight
Translation: Theseus et Ariadne {con-
cluded) 135
XL. Derivation and Composition of Words. — Nup-
tiae Romanae. — Sight Translation: Nup-
tiae Romanae {concluded) 139
XLI. Subjunctive of Sum. — Hortatory Subjunctive.
— Subjunctive of Wish. — Midas. — Sight
Translation: Midas {concluded) .... 146
XLII. Active Subjunctive. — Indirect Question. —
Genitive and Dative with Adjectives — lason
et Centaurus. — Sight Translation : lason
et Anus 150
XLIII. Passive Subjunctive. — Subjunctive of Pur-
pose.— Dative of Service. — lason et Dea.
— Sight Translation: lason et Pelias . . 155
XLIY. Verbs in -io. — Subjunctive of Result. — Vel-
lus Aureum. — Sight Translation: lasonis
Socii 160
COXTENTS.
Xi
LESSON TAGE
XLY. Deponent Verbs. — Yerbs of Fearing. — Quin
Clauses. — Argonautae. — Sight Translation :
Argonautae et Cyzicus 165
XLYI. Ablative with Deponents. — Accusative of Ex-
tent. — Simple Conditions. — Ludi Circenses.
— Sight Translation: Ludi Circenses (con-
cluded) 170
XLYIL Compounds of Sum. — Conditionals. — Hercules
et Hylas. — Sight Translation: Phineus et
Harpyiae 176
XLYIII. Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations.
— Dative of Agent. — Objective Genitive. —
Symplegades. — Sight Translation: Sym-
plegades (concluded) 180
XLIX. Irregular Yerb Eo. — Cum Temporal, Causal,
and Concessive. — lason et Medea. — Sight
Translation: Perfidus Rex 184
L. Irregular Yerb Fero. — Dum, Donee, and
Quoad. — Antequam and Priusquam. —
Potentissimum Unguentum. — Sight Trans-
lation: Flammiferi Tauri 189
LI. Irregular Yerbs Volo, Nolo, Malo. — Subjunc-
tive in Indirect Discourse. — Mediae Fuga.
— Sight Translation: Medea et Draco . . . 194
LII. Irregular Yerb Fio. — Vellus Aureum. — Sight
Translation: Reditus Argonautarum . . . 201
Tables of Declension and Conjugation .... 204
Latin-English Yocabulary 217
First Latin Reader.
LESSON I.
Alphabet ; Pronunciation.
1. The Latin alphabet is the same as the English,
except that it has no j or w.
2. The letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
VOWELS.
3. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u, and y ; they are either
long or short.
a, A long vowel is marked with a dash, thus : a.
h. A short vowel is not marked.
4. The vowels are sonnded as follows :
a as in /ar. a as in a-rise,
e as in they. e as in men.
i as in ma-rine. i as in pin.
o as in bone. o as in o-bey.
u as 00 in cool. u as in full.
5. Pronounce the following words :
a: na, qua, sta. i : di, nil, nl.
e : me, ne, te. o : do, pro, sto.
u : nil, sii, tii.
2 LATIN REAJJEB. — LESSON L
a, a and a : sa-ga, sa-ga ; ma-lo, ma-lo ; fa-vi, fa-vi.
e and e : e-mi, e-mi; e-di, e-di; se-ro, se-ro.
1 and i : di-co, di-co ; «i-ni, si-ni ; li-no, li-no.
o and o : no-ta, no-ta ; so-lo, so-lo ; lo-ra, lo-ra.
u and u : lu-to, lu-to ; f u-gi, f u-gi ; su-di, su-di.
DIPHTHONGS.
6. The diphthongs are sounded as follows :
ae as ai in aisle, au as ow in cow.
oe as oy in boy. eu as eu in feud,
7. Pronounce the following words :
ae : ae-tas, ae-ger, lae-sum, pae-ne, sae-pe.
au: au-la, au-ri, fau-tor, lau-de, pau-lo.
oe : coe-pT, foe-de, poe-na, Oe-ta, oe-strus.
eu : heu, sen, neu-ter, Eu-rus, Leu-ci.
GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF VOWELS.
8. Diphthongs are long, as : haec, poenae.
a. A vowel followed by nf, ns, gm, gn, or i (consonant)
is long, as : infra, mensa, agmen, ignis, cuius.
b. A vowel followed by another vowel, or by a
diphthong, or by h is short, as : via, tuae, vehit.
c. A vowel followed by nt or nd is short, as : sunt,
aniandus.
CONSONANTS.
9. The consonants may be classified as follows :
! Labials: p, b.
Linguals: t, d.
Palatals: c, k, q, g.
h. Liquids : 1, m, n, r.
c. Spirants : f, s.
d. Semi-vowels : v, i (consonant).
PB ON UNCI A TION. 3
e. Double consonants : x = cs or gs, z == ds.
/. h is only a breathing.
10. The consonants are sounded as follows :
c as in cap (not as in cent),
g as in (jet (not as in gem).
i {consonant) as y in yet.
s as in sin (not as in mi-ser).
t as in ten (not as in na-tion).
V as to in wet.
z as dz in adze.
ch as in chorus.
The other consonants are sounded as in English.
11. Pronounce the following words :
c : ca-dus, cae-cus, Cae-sar, co-mes, cu-ra.
g: gau-di-um, ge-nus, glo-ri-a, gra-dus, gu-la.
i : iam, lu-no, iiis, iii-dex, lo-vis.
s : sa-tis, sce-lus, se-des, so-ror, sta-tus.
t : ta-men, i-ni-ti-o, o-ra-ti-o, iiun-ti-o, sta-ti-o.
v: vi-cus, a-vis, va-dum, ser-vus, vol-nus.
z : Za-ma, ga-zam, Tra-pe-ziis.
ch : cho-rus, cha-os, char-tae, Bac-chus, Ar-chi-as.
QUESTIONS.
12. How does the Latin alphabet differ from the English ?
Name the vowels. What is the quantity of a diphthong ? When
is a vowel long ? When is a vowel short ? How may the mutes
be classified ? Name the liquids. Give the equivalents of the
double consonants. What is the value of h ?
4 LATIN UEABEB.— LESSON IL
LESSON II.
Syllables ; Accent.
13. A word is divided into as many syllables as it
has vowels and diphthongs.
Exc. After q, g, and generally s, (also in cui and huic),
the vowel u, when followed by a vowel, does not form a separate
syllable, as : an-guis, quo-que, sua-det.
a. A consonant between two vowels is joined to the
second vowel, as : a-vi, 6-ra.
b. When there are two or more consonants, as many
of them as can begin a word should be joined to the
second vowel, as : ge-stum, i-gni, pi-sces, ter-ra, ven-tus.
Exc. The words forming a compound should be separated,
as: ad-est.
14. The last syllable of a word is called the ultima;
the next to the last, the penult; the one before the
penult, the antepenult,
15. Divide into syllables :
animal, colonus, dirimo, gratus, libertas, princeps,
responsum, subter, tranquillitas ;
victus, priscus, occurro, incendiurn, quTnque, comitia,
decertatio, cognosco, controversia, languidus ;
litterate, insisto, prosterno, elephantus, adloquor,
tulisti, condemno, intratus, mansuetiido.
QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.
16. A syllable is long :
a. When it contains a long vowel, or a diphthong, as :
lac, mens, haec, ae-tas ;
ACCENT, 5
h. When it contains a sliort vowel followed either by two
consonants, or by x, or z, as : a-sper, sal-tant, sa-xa, ga-za.
17. What is the quantity of the syllables in the fol-
lowing words ?
liomam, tempestatis, epulae, aurum, arae, tabellarius,
flexus, proverbio, postero, aequus ;
uiaturorum, gentis, quisquam, stellae, suavitas, ser-
nionibus, captivos, sanguine.
ACCENT.
18. Words of two syllables are accented on the penult,
as ; a'-per, tu'-tus.
a. Words of more than two syllables are accented on
the penult, if it is long ; otherwise, on the antepenult,
as : de-co^-rum, de^-co-rum.
b, A few short words called enclitics are used only
as they are added to other words. The accent falls on
the syllable before the enclitic, as : sua'que, estis'ne.
19. Accent and pronounce the following:
labes gignis, putas, mare, niillns, puer, lupus;
laudare, puellis, telliiris, scribere, monere ;
tergorum, tergorum, audimus, tegimus ;
vestra-que, obsidibus, multitiido, facillimus ;
capiebant, munitio, habet-ne, opportiiue ;
vincimus, vincimus, perfugit, perfiigit.
QUESTIONS.
20. Into how many syllables is a \vord divided ? How are
the consonants placed? Name the last three syllables of a
word. Kule for accent. What effect has an enclitic upon ac-
cent ? When is a syllable long ?
6 LATIN BEABER, — LESSON IlL
LESSON III.
Noun, Verb, Subject, Object.
21. A Noun is the name of any person, place, or thing,
as : John^ Boston, table,
22. A Verb expresses action or being, as: run, is.
Every sentence must contain a verb.
23. The Subject in a sentence is that which does the
action, and is said to be in the Nominative case, as :
The dog bites.
24. The Object is that which receives the action, and
is said to be in the Accusative case, as : The dog bit the
boy.
25. In English, the subject is usually put before the
verb; the object after it. In the two sentences which
follow, note the difference in meaning, caused by chan-
ging the position of the word boy.
The boy killed the wolf
The wolf killed the boy.
a. In Latin, this difference is expressed — not by
changing the order of the nouns — but by their endings.
26. Note carefully the endings of the words in the
following Latin sentences :
Vitat. (ife, slie^ or it) avoids.
Nauta vitat. The sailor avoids.
Nauta advenam vitat. The sailor avoids the stranger.
Nautam advena vitat. The stranger avoids the sailor.
a. Observe that the verb vitat ends in -t. The verb-
stem vita- means avoid. As in English, when the sub-
SUBJECT AND OBJECT. 7
ject is he, she. or it, we add -5 to tlie verb (e.g., he avoids),
so the Latin adds -t.
h. ]Srotice :
That nauta and advena, when used as subjects, end
in -a;
That nauta and advena, when used as objects, end
in -am.
27. VOCABULARY.
XOUNS.
NOMIXATIVE.
ACCUSATIVE.
3IEANING.
DERIVATIVE.
nauta,
nautam,
sailor.
nautical.
advena,
advenam,
stranger.
adventure.
porta.
portani,
gate.
portal.
silva.
silvam,
wood, forest.
silvan.
puella,
puellam,
girl.
casa,
casam,
cottage, hut.
VEEBS
■•
vitat,
(he, she,
it)
avoids.
intrat,
(he, she,
it)
enters.
entrance.
invitat,
(he, she.
it)
invites.
invite.
28. As the Latin has no word for the, an, or a, the
pupil may use whichever is best suited to the noun he is
translating.
29. Translate into English:
1. Nauta puellam vTtat. 2. Advenam puella vT-
tat. 3. Advena silvam intrat. 4. Nautam advena
invitat. 5. Puella advenam invitat. 6. Nauta
portam intrat. 7. Puella nautam vitat. 8. Casam
advena intrat. 9. Puella silvam vitat. 10. Por-
tam advena intrat.
8 LATIN BEADEll. — LESSON IV.
30. Translate into Latin :
1. The girl enters the wood. 2. The sailor avoids
the cottage. 8. The girl invites a sailor. 4. A
stranger avoids the hut. 5. A sailor invites the
stranger. 6, The stranger invites the girl. 7.
The sailor enters a cottage. 8. The stranger avoids
the gate. 9. A girl enters the gate. 10. The
sailor avoids the wood.
QUESTIONS.
31. Define noun, verb, subject, object. In what case must
the subject be ? In what case must the object be ? Divide into
syllables and accent: torpescerent, impensurus, amatus.
LESSON IV.
Singular, Plural.
32. There are two numbers^ the Singular and the
Plural.
a. The Singular number denotes one^ as : girl, sailor,
h. The Plural number denotes more than one, as :
girls J sailors.
33. Vitant. {They) amid.
Nautae vitant. The sailors avoid.
Nautae advenas vitant. The sailors avoid the stranyers.
Advenae nautas vitant. The strangers avoid the sailors.
Observe :
<7. That the verb vitant ends in -nt, which is equiva-
lent to til eg ;
SINGULAB AND PLURAL. 9
b. That nauta and advena, when used as subjects in
the Plural number end in -ae ;
c. That nauta and advena, when used as objects in the
Flural number end in -as.
6^.
VOCABULARY.
XOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
ACCUSATIVE.
MEANING.
DERIVATIV
nautae,
nautas.
sailors.
nautical.
advenae,
advenas,
strangers.
adventure.
portae,
portas,
gates.
portal.
silvae,
siivas.
woods, forests.
silvan.
puellae,
puellas,
girls.
casae,
casas.
cottages, huts.
VEEBS.
vitant,
{they
') avoid.
intrant,
{they) enter.
entrance.
in vitant, {they
') invite.
invite.
35.
1. PueUae naiitas invTtant. 2. Nautae puellas
invTtant. 3. Adveuae casas Yitant. 4. Puellae
nautam vitant. 5. Casam advenae intrant.
6. Nauta advenas vTtat. 7. Portas advenae in-
trant. 8. Casas puella vTtat. 9. Portam nauta
intrat. 10. Puellae casas intrant.
36.
1. The strano-ers enter the cottaofes. 2. Sailors
invite the strano*ers. 3. The sailors avoid the ofirl.
•4. The Qfirls invite strancrers. 5. Stranwrs avoid
O CD CT5
the gates. 6. Tiie girl enters the woods. 7. The
10 LATIN READER. — LESSON V.
strangers avoid the sailor. 8. A girl avoids the
sailors. 9. The sailors enter the gate. 10. The
strangers invite the girls.
QUESTIO]>rS.
37. Defioe and illustrate Singular number; Plural number.
What is the Nominative case used for ? The Accusative case ?
Divide into syllables and accent : hospitalitas, cognitio, virum-
que, requisitus.
LESSON V.
Rules ; Cases ; Inflection ; First Declension.
From the preceding lessons we deduce the following
Rules :
38. Rule I. The Subject of a verb is in the Nomina-
tive.
39. Rule II. The Object of a verb is in the Accusa-
tive.
CASES.
40. Study carefully the following cases with their
endings in both Singular and Plural, and what they
denote :
NAMES.
SINGULAR.
DENOTING.
PLURAL.
Kominative,
-a,
Subject of verb.
-ae.
Genitive,
-ae,
of, or '5,
-arum.
Dative,
-ae,
to, or /or.
-is.
Accusative,
-am,
Object of verb.
-as.
Ablative,
-a,
from, with, by,
-is.
FIRST DECLENSION. 11
INFLECTION.
41. Changing the form of a word to show its relation
to other words is called Inflection.
a. The Inflection of nouns, adjectives, and pronouns
is called Declension.
b. The Inflection of verbs is called Conjugation.
42. The Stem of a word is that common part from
which the changes of inflection are formed. In the
First Declension, the stem ends in -a, as : poeta.
43. The Base of a word is that part which is not
changed in inflection, as : poet-.
FIRST DECLENSION.
44. porta, gate,
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
K. porta, a gate. portae, gates,
G. ^OTta.e, of a gate^ or, a portarum, of gates, or^ gates',
gate^s.
D. portae, to or for a gate. portis, to or for gates,
Ac. portam, a gate. portas, gates.
Ab. porta, /rom, icith, or by a portis, /ro?7i, with, or by gates,
gate.
Like porta, decline nauta, advena, silva, puella, casa.
QUESTIOlSrs.
45. Define Inflection, Declension, Conjugation. What is the
Stem of a word ? The Base ? Give the names, endings, and
meanings, of all the cases. Singular and Plural, of the First De-
clension. What is the use of changing the endings of nouns ?
12 LATIN BEADEPi. —LESSON VL
LESSONVI.
Gender ; Genitive of Possession ; Pronouns,
Adverbs.
46. In English^ there are three genclersj viz., Mascu-
line, Feminine, and Neuter.
a. The Masculine gender denotes males, as : mcni. loy.
h. The Feminine gender denotes females, as : icGwan,
girl.
c. The Neuter gender denotes neither male nor female,
as : hoolcj table.
47. In Latin, also, there are these three genders ;
and males are always in the Masculine, and females in
the Feminine gender. But there is this important dif-
ference — that many nouns which are Neuter in English
are either Masculine, Feminine, or Neuter in Latin ;
their gender being determined by their ending rather
than by their meaning ; e.g., liber, hook is Masculine ;
mensa, table is Feminine.
48. Gender Rule. Nouns of the First Declension are
Feminine.
Exc. Nouns denoting males are Masculine, as: nauta, sailor.
GENITIVE OF POSSESSION.
49. Puella advenae casam vitat.
r is avoiding i the cottage of the stranger.
The girl < avoids < or
I does avoid (^ the stranger's cottage.
a. Notice that vitat may be translated avoids, is
avoiding, or does avoid.
GENITIVE OF POSSESSIOX,
i:3
h. Observe that advenae is in the Genitive, and de-
notes that the stranger owned or possessed the eottagc.
Hence it is called the Genitive of Possession.
50. Rule III. The Genitive is used to denote Posses-
sion.
PRONOUNS.
51. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun ;
tlius, in the sentence : John s<iys that he ivlll come, the
2:>ronoun he is used instead of repeating the noun JoJm.
a. An Interrogative pronoun is one that may be used
in asking questions, as: who? whicli?
ADVERBS.
52. An Adverb is a word used to modify a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb, as: lie fights bravely.
6.
VOCABULARY
NOUNS.
NOAIINATIVE.
GENITIVF.
MKANING.
DERIVATIVE.
filia,
filiae,/.,
daughter.
filial.
agricola,
agricolae, m.,
farmer.
agriculture.
conviva,
convivae, m., or/.,
guest.
convivial.
fabula,
fabulae,./'.,
story.
fable.
rosa,
rosae, /.,
rose.
rose.
lulia,
luliae,/.,
VERBS.
Julia.
Julia.
laudat, (he, she, it) praises, is praising, or, does praise, laud.
laudant, (they) praise, are praising, or, do praise.
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.
quis?
who ?
quid?
ADVERBS.
what ?
ncn,
not.
not.
14 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON VL
54. 1. Quis agricolae filiamlauclat? 2. Advena
agricolae filiam laudat. 3. Agricola convivae fa-
bulas laudat. 4. Nautae advenarum casas non
vitant. 5. Agricolarum rosas puellae laudant.
6. Quis agricolae filias nou invitat ? 7. lulia agri-
colae filias non invitat. 8. Puella advenae filias
vitat. 9. Quid agricolae laudant? 10. Agricolae
puellarum rosas laudant.
55. 1. Julia is praising the giiTs roses. 2. What
do the strangers avoid ? 3. The strangers avoid
the sailor's hut. 4. The girls are praising the roses
of the guests. 5. Farmers do not invite the daugh-
ters of strangers. 6. The guests of the farmer are
praising the roses. 7. Guests are entering the
stranger's cottage. 8. Who does not praise the
stranger's daughter ? 9. The sailor does not praise
the stranger's daughter. 10. Julia avoids the
daughters of farmers.
QUESTIONS.
56. Define and illustrate Masculine gender; Feminine; N'eu-
ter. How does the Latin differ from the English in gender ?
Give the gender rule for the First Declension. What is the ex-
ception to this rule ? What is meant by Genitive of Possession ?
In what three ways may vitat he translated ? Define and illus-
trate Pronouns, Interrogative Pronouns, Adverbs. Decline :
agricola, rosa, fabula.
INDIRECT OBJECT, 15
LESSON VII.
Dative of the Indirect Object; Questions.
57. Agricola piiellae rosam dat.
( gives a rose to the girl.
The faririer j ^ .^^^ ^j^^ ^.^^ ^ ^^^^^
a. Observe that puellae is in the Dative, and denotes
the object indirectly receiving the action of the verb.
Hence it is called the Dative of the Indirect Object.
h. Care must be taken to distinguish the Indirect from
the Direct object, as the preposition to is often omitted
in English.
58. Rule IV. The Indirect Object of a verb is put in
the Dative.
QUESTIOlSrS.
59. Non-ne puellae advenas vitant? Bo not girls avoid
strangers? (Fes.) iVi2222 nautae aquam vitant? Do sailors
avoid the water? {No.) Intrat-iie lulia casam ? Is Julia
entering the cottage ?
Observe :
a. That when the speaker expects the answer " Yes/'
the word non-ne introduces the question.
h. That when he expects the answer " No/' the Inter-
rogative Particle num. is used
c. That when he asks a question simply for informa-
tion, the enclitic -ne is affixed to the most emphatic word
in the sentence.
60. Note. The words my^ his, her, its, our, your, their,
are often omitted in Latin.
16
LATIN READER, — LESSON VIL
61.
VOCABULARY.
NOUXS.
NOMINATIVE.
GENITIVE. MEANING. DERIVATIVE.
via,
viae,./'., way, road. ^vay.
corona,
coronae, /'., crown, wreath, garland, crown.
regina.
reginae, /. , queen.
Flora,
Florae,.;'., Flora. - Flora.
VERBS.
dat, (he, she, it) gives, is giving, oy\ does give.
dant, (they) give, are giving, 01% do give.
monstrat, (he, she, it) shows, is showing, oi\ does
show. demonstrate.
monstrant, (they) show, are showing, 0?% do show.
narrat, (he, she, it) tells, is telling, 01% does tell, narrate.
narrant, (they) tell, are telling, or^ do tell.
62. 1. Puellae ad venae viam monstrant. 2. Non-ne
nautae advenis fabulas narrant? 3. Nantnc advenis
fabulas narrant. 4. Quid filiae agricolaruni reginae
dant? 5. FTliae aoricolarum coronam reo-Tnae dant.
6. Monstrat-ne Flora advenis viam? 7. Flora ad-
venij viam noii monstrat. 8. Num agricolae advenis
fabulas narrant? 9. Agricolae advenis fabulas non
narrant. 10. Agricolae filla reginae viam monstrat.
63. 1. Is the girl giving a rose to a stranger? 2.
The girl is not giving a rose to a stranger. 3. Who
is showing the way to the queen's daugliter? 4.
The sailor is showing the w^ay to the daughter of the
queen. 5. Do not queens avoid the cottages of
strangers? 6. Queens do avoid strangers' cottages.
7. What is tlie sailor telling the farmer? 8. The
sailor is telling stories to the farmer.
ABLATIVE OF ^L-PAIIATION, i.
QUESTIOiSTS.
64. Mention three ways of asking Questions in Latin. Accent
narrat-ne. Illustrate the Dative of the Indirect Object. Why
is it called the Indirect Object 9 What words must often be sup-
plied in translating Latin into English? Decline regina, via,
corona.
LESSON VIII.
Ablative of Separation ; Conjunctions.
65. Advena puellam culpa liberat.
The stranger frees the girl from blame.
In the above sentence^ culpa is in the Ablative, and
denotes that the blame is taken away from the girl.
Hence it is called the Ablative of Separation.
66. Rule V. The Ablative is used to denote Separation.
COKJUXCTIONS.
67. Conjunctions connect words, phrases, and clauses,
as : John and James are good scholars^ and often win
2)rizes in school.
m.
VOCABULARY.
NOUNS.
NOMINATIVE.
GENITIVE.
MEANING.
DERIVATIVE,
culpa,
culpae, /.,
blame, fault.
culpable.
Belga,
Belgae, m.,
a Belgian.
Belgian.
vigilia,
vigiliae, /. ,
sentinel, watch.
vigilant.
catena,
catenae, /.,
chain.
diligentia,
diligentiae,
/.,
diligence.
diligence.
18
LATIN BEABEB.^- LESSON VUL
VERBS.
habebat,! (he, she, it) had, owned, possessed. have,
errat, (he, she, it) strays, wanders. err.
videt, (he, she, it) sees. vision,
capiunt, (they) seize, take prisoner. captive,
liberat, (he, she, it) frees, releases. liberate,
honorat, (he, she, it) honors, respects. honorable,
ADVERBS.
olim, once upon a time, formerly.
noctu, at night. nocturnal,
mane, early in the morning.
merito, deservedly, justly. merit,
COiS^ JUNCTIONS.
et, and. atque, and too, and even. sed, but.
KoTE. For the sake of greater vividness, the verb in Latin,
as in English, often represents something as taking place now^
although in reality the time is past^ as, Mox videt advenam.
Soon he saw (lit. sees) a stranger.
KEGLlNrA BELGARUM.
69. Regina Belgarnm silvam habebat. Olim
conviva regmae via errat, et noctii silvam intrat.
Vigiliae advenam vident et capiunt. Mane regina
convivam catenas iTberat. Sed vigilias merito culpa
liberat, atque diligentiam laudat.
70. 1. The guests free the sentinel from blame.
2. The queens are wandering from the road. 3.
Does the stranger see the sentinel? 4. Does not
the queen free the Belgians from blame ?
QUESTIONS.
71. Illustrate the Ablative of Separation by an example of
your own. What is a conjunction ? Decline culpa, Belga,
vigilia, catena.
1 The Plural of these verbs is formed, as in previous lessons, by adding
-nttothe stem, as; habebant {they) had, owned, possessed.
SECO^I) UECLEJS^SIOJS^. — XOUNS IN -US. 19
LESSON IX.
Second Declension — Nouns in -us; Vocative Case.
72. In tlie Second Declension, the stem ends in -o, as :
servo.
73. Gender Rule. Xouns of the Second Declension
whose !N"ominatiYe Singular ends in -us, -er, or -ir, are
Masculine ; those ending in -um are Neuter.
74.
xouxs IX -us.
servus, m., slave.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
CASE
EXDINGS.
K.i
servus
servi
-US
-i
G.
servi
servo rum
-i
-orum
D.
servo
servis
-6
-is
Ac.
servum
servos
-um
-OS
Ab.
servo
servis
-o
-is
YOCATIYE CASE.
75. Nonne, na,uta>, reginam corona delectat? Does not
the crown delight the queen, O sailor? Quid, serve, puella
advenae m5nstrat? What, slave, is the girl showing the
stranger f
a. Observe that, in these sentences, the sailor and the
slave are addressed. They are said to be in the Vocative
Case.
b. ISTotice also that while nauta has the same ending
as in its Nominative Singular, serve has an entirely dis-
tinct case ending in -e. See the following Eule :
76. Rule VI. The Vocative is used as the Case of
1 The cases express the same relations in all Declensions.
20
LATIN llEADEU.
LESSON tX.
Address ; it is always like the Koininativej except in the
SliKjala}' of nouns ending in -us of the iSeeond Declen-
sion^ where it ends in -e.
77.
NOMINATIVE.
servus,
equus,
cibus,
amicus,
Carolus,
Albertus,
VOCABULARY.
GENITIVE.
servi, ))>.^
equi, m.^
cibi, in.^
aniici, m,^
Caroli, ;//.,
Albert!, lu
NOUNS.
MEANING.
slave, servant.
horse.
food.
friend.
Charles.
Albert.
VERBS.
verberat, (he, she, it) whips, beats,
delectat, (he, she, it) delights, pleases,
amat, (he, she, it) loves, likes.
DERIVATIVE.
servant,
equine.
amicable,
Charles,
Albert,
reverberate.
delight.
amiable.
curat,
(he, she, it) cares for, takes care of, care.
mmime,
nam,
saepe,
semper,
certi,
minimum.
sempiternal,
certainly.
diligently.
ADVERBS.
no, no indeed, by no means,
for.
often, frequently,
always, ever,
certainly.
diligenter, diligently, carefully.
78. COISTLOQUIUM.
ITjlia. Quis, Alberte, servum verberat?
Albertus. Agricola servum verberat, et merito,
Nam servus equos diligenter imn crirat.
T. Nomie servus equos amat?
A. ]Minime. Servus equos saepe verberat.
I. Amat-ne Carolus equos agricolae'^
SECOND DECLENSION. — NOUNS IN -UM. 21
A. Certe. Carolus equis cibum saepe dat.
I. Nonne agricola amicis equos monstrat?
A. AmicTs agricola equos saepe monstrat.
I. Num Carolus agricolae servum vitat?
A. Minime. Fabulae servi Carolum delectant.
Saepe servum culpa iTberat.
79. Ansiver the folloiving questions in Latin :
1. Quis servum verberat ? 2. Nonne servus equos
verberat ? 3. Quis equos amat ? 4. Num servus
equis cibum dat ? 5. Nonne Carolus equos amicis
monstrat ? 6. Quis servum culpa liberat ?
QUESTIONS.
80. In what does the stem of the Second Declension end ?
Give the Gender Kule for Second Declension nouns. Give the
endings of all the cases (Singular and Plural) of nouns in -us.
Explain the use of the Vocative. Decline equus, cibus, amicus.
LESSON X.
Second Declension — Nouns in -um ; Predicate Nom-
inative ; Prepositions.
81. servus, ?7z., slave, templum, 9i., temple.
SINGULAR.
CASE ENDINGS.
M. N.
isr.
servus
templum
-US -um
G.
servi
templi
-i
D.
servo
tempi 6
-6
Ac.
servum
templum
-um
Ab.
servo
templo
-o
N.
servi
G.
servorum
D.
servis
Ac.
servos
Ab.
servis
22 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON X.
PLUJRAL.
M. N.
templa -i -a
templorum -orum
templis -is
templa -6s -a
templis -is
82. Observe that the declension of nouns in -um
differs from that of nouns in -us only in the Nominative
Singular and in the Nominative and Accusative Plural.
83. Nouns ending in -ius and -ium contract -ii of the
Genitive Singular into a single -i, without changing the
accent^ as : fili for filii, inge'ni for inge'nii ; so also
the Vocative of names ending in -ius, and of filius and
genius, as : Vergili for Vergi'lie ; mi fill = my son,
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE.
84. The Predicate in a sentence is what is said of
the subject.
SUBJECT. PREDICATE. SUBJECT. PREDICATE.
a. Carolus agricolam vitat. Charles avoids the farmer,
h, Carolus est nauta, Charles is a sailor.
Observe :
c. That, in the Predicate of example (a), vTtat — a
verb of action — takes an object in the Accusative case,
according to Eule II.
d. That, in the Predicate of example (b), est — a
verb of being — cannot take an object; and that nauta,
since it describes the subject, is put in the same case
as the subject.
85. Rule VII. A Predicate noun, describing the sub-
ject, is put in the Nominative.
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE, 23
PREPOSITIONS.
86. A Preposition shows the relation between words.
Thus, in the sentence : The hook on the table is torn, on
is a preposition, showing the relation between the hook
and the table. In Latin, prepositions are followed by
the Accusative or Ablative.
87. The following prepositions are followed by the
Ablative :
A, ab, absque, coram, de,
Palam, clam, cum, ex and e,
Pro, prae, tenus and sine ;
Sometimes in, sub, super, subter.
All other prepositions are followed by the Accusative.
Note. The teacher should now explain the use of the Vocab-
ulary.
FUISTDUS.
88. Non procul ab oppido est fundus. Agricolae
villa est prope fluvium. Carolus est agricolae filius.
Vicini filius est Florus. Carolus et Floras sunt
amici. Interdum in fluvio natant. Saepe trans
fluvium prata pererrant, et agricolarum equos et vac-
cas spectant. In horreo post villam est copia fru-
menti et pabulT. liilia est filia agricolae. Equis
faenum saepe dat.
89. 1. Farmers' houses are sometimes near rivers.
2. Charles and Albert are sons of the farmer.
3. The farmer is looking at the horses in the barn.
4. Albert is vrandering through the meadow. 5.
(There) is an abundance of hay in farmers' barns.
24 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON XL
6. Julia is the slave's friend. 7. The slave is
giving hay to the farmer's horse.
QUESTIO]SrS.
90. How do Neuters of the Second Declension differ from
Masculines ? Accent the Vocative Singular of Pompeius,
Lucius, filius. Accent the Genitive Singular of hospitium.
What is a Predicate noun ? Define Preposition. What preposi-
tions are followed by the Ablative? Decline oppidum, villa,
fluvius, faenum, vicinus.
LESSON XI.
Adjectives in -us, -a, -um ; Ablative of Means.
91. An Adjective describes a noun, as : a bad hoij.
Bonus servus. A good slave,
JBonaruin puellarum. (y good girls.
Bono porno. With a good apple.
a. Observe that, while in English the adjective does
not change, in Latin its ending varies according to the
gender, number, and case of the noun it describes. With
adjectives in -us, -a, -um, if the noun is Masculine, the
adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun in
-us. If the noun is Feminine, the adjective has the
First Declension endings. If the noun is Neuter, the
adjective has the endings of a Second Declension noun
in -um.
92. Rule VIII. An Adjective agrees with the noun it
describes in gender, number, and case.
ADJECTIVES IN -US,
-UM.
25
93.
bonus,
bona, bonum, good.
SINGULAR.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTEU.
X.
bonus
bona
bonum
G.
boni
bonae
boni
D.
bono
bonae
bono
Ac.
bonum
bonam
bonum
Ab.
bono
bona
PLURAL.
bono
N.
boni
bonae
bona
G.
bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
D.
bonis
bonis
bonis
Ac.
bonos
bonas
bona
Ab.
bonis
bonis
bonis
94. The Vocative of adjectives, like that of nonns, is
always like the Nominative, except in the Singular of
adjectives of the Second Declension in -us, where it ends
in -e, as :
Bonae reginae. O good queens. Bone vicine. O good neighbor.
95. Decline together: parvus nidus, a small nest;
saeva aquila, a fierce eagle ; longum collum, a long neck ;
malus agricola, a had farmer,
ABLATIVE OF MEANS.
96. Gladio nautam necat. He slays the sailor with a
sword.
Observe that gladio is in the Ablative, and is the
means by which the sailor was slain. Hence it is called
the Ablative of Means.
97. Rule IX. The Ablative ivithout a preposition is
used to denote the means by which an action is done.
26
LATIN READER.
■LESSON XIL
CYG]>fUS.
98. Americaiii cygni sunt albi. Cygni coUum est
longum ; rostrum est firmum ; alae sunt praevalidae ;
oculi sunt parvi. Cygnorum cibus est herba. Inter-
dum parvas ranas et insecta devorant. Nidi sunt in
iuncis iuxta aquam. Ferus cygnus est valde saevus.
Et rostro et alls acriter pugnat, si quid ad nidum
appropinquat. Etiam aquilam fugat.
99. The American swan is white. 2. Swans'
necks are long. 3. The eye of the swan is smalL
4. (Its) wing is long and powerful. 5. Wild swans
are savage. 6. They fight with both wings and
beaks. 7. The swan's nest is near the water.
8. Swans put even eagles to flight.
QUESTIONS.
100. Define Adjective. Does an adjective precede or follow its
noun in English ? What is its position in Latin ? Why ? Rule
for the agreement of adjectives. Decline altus in all genders.
Give an example of your own of the Ablative of Means.
LESSON XII.
Nouns and Adjectives in -er and -ir ; Apposition;
Preposition in.
101.
servus.
m. puer. m.
ager. m.
vir. m.
templum. n.
slavie
hoy
field
man
temple
SINGULAR.
N.
servus
puer
ager
vir
templum
G.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
templi
D.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
Ac.
servum
puerum
agrum
virum
templum
Ab.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN -EB AND -IB. ^T
PLURAL.
N". servi pueri agri viri teinpla
G. servoruni pueroruni agrorum virorum temploruni
D. servis pueris agris viris templis
Ac. servos pueros agros viros templa
Ab. servis pueris agris viris templis
a. Xotice that puer retains -e throughout, while ager
has -e only in the Nominative Singular.
b. Notice also that the endings of nouns in -er and -ir
differ from those of nouns in -us only in the Nomina-
tive Singular.
102. Like puer» decline gener, son-in-laiv, socer, father-
in-law, and vesper, evening.
Most other nouns drop the -e, like ager.
Decline culter, knife, liber, hook, magister, master.
103. ADJECTIVES in -ER, -A, -UM.
miser, niisera, miserum, wretched.
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
SINGULAR.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
miser
misera
miserum
G.
miseri
miserae
miseri
D.
misero
miserae
misero
Ac.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Ab.
misero
misera
PLURAL.
misero
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
miseri
miserae
misera
G.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
D.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Ac.
miseros
miseras
misera
Ab.
miseris
miseris
miseris
28
LATIN RE.
±DER.— LESSON XIL
SINGULAK.
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTEPv.
N.
pulcher
pulclira
pulchrum
G.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchri
D.
pulchro
pulchrae
pulchro
Ac.
pulchrum
pulchram
pulchrum
Ab.
pulchro
pulchra
PLUJRAL.
pulchro
MASCULINE.
FEMININE.
NEUTER.
N.
pulchri
pulchrae
pulchra
G.
pulchroruni
pulchrarum
pulchrorum
D.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
Ac.
pulchros
pulchras
pulchra
Ab.
pulchris
pulchris
pulchris
a. Observe that miser, like puer, retains -e, while
pulcher, like ager, loses it.
h. Notice that the endings of adjectives in -er, -a, -um,
differ from those in -us, -a, -um only in the Masculine
Nominative Singular.
104. Like miser, decline asper, rough, liber, free, pros-
per, prosperous, and tener, tender,
a. Most other adjectives drop the -e, like pulcher.
h. Like pulcher, decline piger, laz]j, and ruber, red.
105. APPOSITION.
(1). Carolus, filins Titi, navigat. Charles^ the son of
Titus, is sailing.
(2). Agricola Florum, servum, laudat. The farmer
praises Florus, the slave.
Note :
a. That, in example (1), filius describes Carolus, and
is in the same case.
THE PHEPOSITION IN, 29
b. That, in example (2), servum describes Florum, and
is in the same case.
G. That, in both examples, the descriptive noun is
placed near the noun it describes. It is therefore called
a Noun in Apposition. (Ad — position, i. e., position near.^
106. Rule X. A Koun in Apposition is in the same
case as the noun it describes.
107. THE PREPOSITION IN".
Puer in horto est. The hoy is in the garden.
Servus niensam in hortum portat. The slave is carrying
a table into the garden.
Observe that the preposition in governs the Ablative
when it means in, but the Accusative when it means
into,
PUERI KOMANI.
108. Gains et Marcus, fllii medic! Romani, erant
impigi'T puerL Mane in liidum ibant. Magister,
Orbilius, erat valde severus, atque virgTs pueros
saepe verberabat. Post prandium, interdum Gains
et Marcus in Campo Martio eqnitabant; interdnm per
silvas errabaut ; in flnviis navigabant ; in stagnis
natabant ; in arniTs belli exercitati erant. Sic ple-
rnmqne Roman! pueros ad m!litiam parabant.
109. 1. Gains, the son of a Roman teacher, was an
active boy. 2. Orbilius whipped Marcus, the doc-
tor's son, severely. 3. The teachers Avere going
into the Campus Martins. 4. The boys used to
swim in a pond.
80 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON XIIL
QUESTIONS.
110. How do nouns in -er and -ir differ from nouns in -us?
What is the difference in Declension between puer and ager?
Which of the following nouns retain -e : culter, gener, vesper,
liber, magister, socer ? How do adjectives in -er differ from
those in -us ? What is the difference between miser and
pulcher ? Which of the following adjectives retain -e : pros-
per, asper, piger, liber, ruber, tener ? Distinguish between a
Noun in Apposition and a Predicate ISToun. What cases does in
govern ? How must it be translated with each case ?
LESSON XIII.
Tense, Person, Number ; Verb Sum ; Dative of
Possessor.
111. TIME. VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING.
Present, I love. we are.
Past, thou didst love. you were.
Future, he, she, or it wnll love. they luill be.
a. ISTotice that^ in English, the thne of the action or
being may be ^present, past, or future ; and that this is
expressed either by some Auxiliary or Helping verb, as
didst, or will, or by a change in the form of the verb,
as are, were. The time of the verb is called its Tense.
h. The Present tense denotes present time.
G. The Imperfect tense denotes continued time in the
past.
d. The Future tense denotes future time.
TENSE, PEBSON, NUMBEB, 31
PERSON.
112. Observe further that various Persons may be the
subject of the action or being ; thus : I, thou, he, she, it,
ice, you, they,
a. The First person is the person sjpeaking, as : J or
we.
h. The Second person is the person spoken to, as : thou
or you,
c. The Third person is the person spoken of, as : he,
she, it, or they,
113. The persons may be in the Singular or Plural
number.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
First person, I. we.
Second person, thou, you, you.
Third person, he, she, it they.
114. Note. Thou is rarely used now, except in addressing
the Deity, and in poetry, you being preferred for both Singular
and Plural.
115. TEXSE AXD PEKSOXAL EXDIXGS.
VERB OF ACTION. VERB OF BEING.
TENSE. SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Present, am-o, I love, su-mus, we are.
Imperfect, ama-ba-s, you were loving. er-a-tis, you were.
Future, ama-bi-t, he, she, it loill love. er-u-nt, they will be.
a. Notice that, in Latin^ the tenses are shown by
certain letters added to the verb stem ; thus, -ba = Im-
perfect tense in ama-ba-s.
h. Notice that the persons are denoted by other letters
added to the tense stem, as -tis = you in er-a-tis.
32 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIIL
116. Following are the equivalents for the persons :
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
-m, -6, or -i, I. -mus, n^e,
-s, you. -tis, you.
-t, /le, slie^ it. -nt, they,
117. Rule XI. A verb must agree with its subject
in person and number.
118. VERB SUM. Stem es- or er-.
PRESENT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
su-m, I am. su-mus, loe ai^e.
e-s, you are. es-tis, you are.
es-t, Tie^ (she, it) is. su-nt, they are.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
er-a-m, I was. er-a-mus, ive were.
er-a-s, you were. er-a-tis, you were.
er-a-t, he, {she, it) was. er-a-nt, they were.
FUTURE TENSE.
er-o, I shall be. er-i-nius, we shall be.
er-i-s, you will be. er-i-tis, you will be.
er-i-t, he will be. er-u-nt, they will be.
119. DATIVE OF POSSESSOR.
Puero liber est. (lit. there is a book to the boy). The boy
has a book.
Observe that puero is in the Dative, and denotes the
possessor of the book. Hence it is called the Dative
of Possessor.
120. Rule XII. The Dative is used with the verb
sum to denote the Possessor.
VERB SUM. 33
121. AliBERTUS ET MARCUS, CONDISCIPULI.
Albertus. Ubi es, Marce?
Marcus. Hic ad-sum ; in horto.
A. Eras-ne her! in ludo ?
M. Non eram. Ego et lulius in fundo avi mei
eramus.
A. Est-ne magnus fundus avo tuo?
M. Avi mei fundus non magnus est. Sed avun-
culo lull est maximus fundus.
A. Sunt-ne mala et pira matiira in pomario avT tui?
M. Nondum. Sed mox matiira erunt.
A. Nonne eras in liido eritis ?
M. lulius non erit ; nam aeger est. Sed ego certe
in ludo ero.
A. Vale.
122. 1. Has your uncle a large garden ? 2. My
uncle has a very large garden. 3. Julius, has your
grandfather ripe pears in his orchard ? 4. They
were not ripe yesterday. 5. But they will be ripe
to-morrow. 6. Were you sick yesterday ? 7. Not
at all ; I was in school yesterday.
QUESTIONS. Sf
123. Define Tense, Present tense, Imperfect, Future. Give
the endings for the persons. Eule for the agreement of verbs.
Grive three tenses of the verb to be, Latin and English. Give
an example of your own of the Dative of Possessor, Genitive of
Possession, and Dative of Indirect Object. Decline magnus
in all genders.
84 LATIN READER. — LESSON XIV.
LESSON XIV.
Mood ; First Conjugation ; Principal Parts.
124. Mood is the mode or manner in which the action
or being is expressed.
125. The Indicative mood is used to express a fact, as :
I have studied my lesson.
126. The Imperative mood is used to express a
command, as : Study your lesson.
THE CONJUGATIONS.
127. Regular verbs are divided into four conjugations.
Each of these has a characteristic vowel in the stem, as
follows :
a. I. ConjugatioUj -a : as, ama-, love,
h. II. Conjugation, -e: as^ mone-, zoam.
c. III. Conjugation, -e : as, rege-, rule.
d. IV. Conjugation, -i : as, audi-, hear.
PRINCIPAL PARTS.
128. The stems from which the various tenses are
formed are found in the Principal Parts of every verb.
These parts are :
a. The Pirst person Singular of the Present Indicative,
as : amo.
h. The Present Infinitive, as : amare.
c. The Pirst person Singular of the Perfect Indicative,
as : amavi.
d. The Perfect Passive Participle, as : amatus.
PRINCIPAL PARTS. 35
Thus the Principal Parts of amo are :
anio, amare, aniavi, amatus.
129. The Present stem is found by dropping -re from
the Present Infinitive, thus : ama-.
a. The Perfect stem is found by dropping -i from tlie
Perfect Indicative, as : amav-.
h. The Participial stem is found by dropping -us from
the Perfect Passive Participle, as : amat-.
130. First Coxjugatiox. Present stein^ ama-, love.
INDICATIVE mood.
PKESEXT TENSE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
am-o, I love. ama-mus, we love.
ama-s, you love. ama-tis, you love.
ama-t, he loves. ama-nt, they love.
IMPERFECT TEXSE.
ama-ba-m, I was loving. ama-ba-mus, we were loving.
ama-ba-s, you were loving. ama-ba-tis, you were loving.
ama-ba-t, he was loving. ama-ba-nt, they were loving.
FUTURE TEXSE.
ama-b-6, 1 shall love. ama-bi-mus, we shall love.
ama-bi-s, you will love. ama-bi-tis, you will love,
ama-bi-t, he will love. ama-bu-nt, they will love.
Observe :
a. That the Present tense consists of Present stem -f-
Personal endings.
b. That the Imperfect tense consists of Present stem
4- -ba -f Personal endings.
c. That the Future tense consists of Present stem -|-
-bi + Personal endings.
.86 LATIN READER. —LESSON XIV.
131. Exc. The verb do, give., is irregular in having da- (not
da-) for its Present stem, as: da-ba-t, da-bi-tis.
132. Note. Eemember that the Present tense may be
translated : / love, or, / avi loving, or, / do love, etc. So,
also, the Imperfect tense may be translated : / ivas loving,
or, / did love, or, / used to love, or, / loved, etc.
PERFIDA TARPEIA.
133. Sabini olim Romanorum agros vastabant. lam
ad oppidum appropinquabant. Si Capitolium expug-
nabunt, Romanos omnino superabunt. Mox Capito-
lium oppugnant, sed frustra. Denique auro Tarpeiam,
flliam praefecti Roman!, temptant. Sed puella orna-
menta in laevis bracchiis postulat. Sabini non
recusant. Mox intra portam stant. Tum sine mora
in Tarpeiam sciita iactant. Nam Sabinorum sciita
erant in laevTs bracchiis. Sic perfidam Tarpeiam
necant, atque Capitolium occupant.
134. 1. The commander of the Sabines will attack
the Capitol. 2. The Romans are ravaging the fields
of the Sabines. 3. The commander was alread}^
approaching (to) the Capitol. 4. The treacherous
girl will demand the ornament on the commander's
left arm. 5. We shall soon stand within the gates
of Rome. 6. Is not the commander's shield on his
left arm ?
Answer the following questions in Latin :
135. 1. Qui olim Romanorum agros vastabant? 2.
Num primo Sabini Capitolium expugnant ? 3. Quae
SECOND CONJUGATION. 37
erat Tarpeia? 4. Quo modo Sabini Tarpeiam tempt-
ant? 5. Quid Tarpeia postulat? 6. Num Sabini
recusant? 7. Ubi intra portam stant, quid faciunt
Sabini ? 8. Quo modo Sabini promissum servabant ?
QUESTIONS.
136. Define Mood. What is the Indicative used to express?
How many conjugations are there ? What is the characteristic
vowel of each ? What are the Principal Parts of a verb ? How
is the Present stem found ? The Perfect ? The Participial ? Of
what does the Present tense consist ? The Imperfect ? The
Future ? Like amo, conjugate porto, vasto. Give the English
for: postulabatis, postulat, postulabimus, postulant, pos-
tulabam, postulas, postulabunt, postulabo. Give the Latin
for: They will demand^ you (plural) are demanding^ he was
demanding, they do demand, we used to demand.
137.
LESSON XV.
Second Conjugation.
FIRST CONJUGATION. SECOND CONJUGATION.
Present stem, ama-, love. Present stem, mone-, warn.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
am-6 mone-o, I warn.
ama-s mone-s, you warn.
ama-t mone-t, he warns.
ama-mus mone-mus, we warn.
ama-tis mone-tis, you warn.
ama-nt mone-nt, they warn.
38 LATIN READER. — LESSON XV.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
ama-ba-m mone-ba-m, I was warning,
ama-ba-s mone-ba-s, you were warning,
ama-ba-t mone-ba-t, he was warning.
ama-ba-mus mone-ba-mus, we were warning.
ama-ba-tis mone-ba-tis, you were warning.
ama-ba-nt mone-ba-nt, they were warning.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-b-o mone-b-o, I shall warn.
ama-bi-s mone-bi-s, you will warn.
ama-bi-t mone-bi-t, he will warn.
ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus, we shall warn.
ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis, you will warn.
ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt, they will warn.
a. Observe that, while the stems differ in their char-
acteristic vowels, these tenses of the First and Second
Conjugation are formed in other respects precisely alike,
with the exception of the Present First Singular.
METTIUS CURTIUS.
138. Magna rima olim in Foro Romano subito
apparet. Primo Romani saxa terramque in locum
iactabant, sed frustra. RTma lata atque profunda
manebat. Inde Romani multis lacrimTs a deo aux-
ilium orabant. Deus tandem ita respondet : '' Si
maximum Romanum bonum loco dicabitis, tum iimam
explebo." Dili in dubio erant animi Romanorum.
139. 1. Great cracks are appearing in the Roman
Forum. 2. We shall cast stones into the crack.
8. Were you (plural) beseeching help from the god?
SECOND CONJUGATION. 89
4. Fathomless cracks will remain for a long time in
the Forum. 5. Were not the Romans filling up the
crack Avith earth and stones ? 6. Will you (singu-
lar) not consecrate your greatest treasure to the
place ?
Sight Translation. Mettius Curtius. — Concluded.
140. Denique Mettius Curtius, vir bello egregius,
"Animus intrepidus," inquit, "maximum Romanum
bonum est." Statim equum suum magnifice exornat,
et mox armatus in Forum equitat. Inde, dum turba
Romanorum stupet, in rimam equum incitat. Sine
mora deus rimam explet, atque Romanos magna ciira
ITberat. Mettium Curtium autem Roman! semper
laudabant, et pulchrum factum memoria tenebant.
141. 1. Quid olim in Foro Romano apparet? 2.
Quid Roman! in r!mam iactabant? 3. Manebatne
rima? 4. Nonne deus Romanis auxilium dat ? 5.
Quid respondet deus ? 6. Quid denique d!cit Met-
tius Curtius ? 7. Quid facit Curtius ? 8. Ex-
pletne deus r!mam statim?
e-gregius, illustrious. armatus, armed.
animus, courage. durai, while.
in-trepidus, iindauiited. turba, crowd.
inquit, said he. stupeo, he STVFB-fied.
statim, immediately. in-cito, urge on.
suus, his. cura, care, anxiety.
magni-fice, magnificently. autem, however.
ex-orno, ad-oui^. factum, deed.
40
LATIN READER.
LESSON XVL
QUESTIONS.
142. What differences do you find between the First and
Second Conjugations ? Conjugate in three tenses maneo and
oro. Give the Latin for: they will reply ^ you (singular) are
replying^ we did reply, he was replying, you (plural) will reply,
I reply. Give the English for: respondemus, respondebis,
respondebant, respondebo, respondetis, respondebas.
LESSON XVI.
Third Conjugation; Ablative of Manner.
143.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
ama-.
mone-.
rege-, rule
am-o
ama-s
ama-t
ama-mus
ama-tis
ama-nt
ama-ba-m
ama-ba-s
ama-ba-t
ama-ba-mus
ama-ba-tis
ama-ba-nt
ama-b-o
ama-bi-s
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
mone-6 reg-o, I rule.
mone-s
mone-t
mone-mus
mone-tis
mone-nt
regi-s, you rule.
regi-t, he rules.
regi-mus, we rule.
regi-tis, you rule.
regu-nt, they rule.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
mone-ba-ni
mone-ba-s
mone-ba-t
mone-ba-mus
mone-ba-tis
mone-ba-nt
rege-ba-m, I was ruling.
rege-ba-s, you were ruling.
rege-ba-t, he was ruling.
rege-ba-mus, we were ruling.
rege-ba-tis, you were ruling.
rege-ba-nt, they were ruling.
\
FUTURE TENSE.
mone-b-o
mone-bi-s
reg-a-m, I shall rule.
reg-e-s, you will rule.
THIRD CONJUGATION, 41
ama-bi-t mone-bi-t reg-e-t, he will rule.
ama-bi-mus mone-bi-mus reg-e-mus, we shall rule.
ama-bi-tis mone-bi-tis reg-e-tis, you will rule.
ama-bu-nt mone-bu-nt reg-e-nt, they will rule.
a. jSTotice that, in tlie verb stem of the Third Conju-
gation, final -e changes as follows :
b. In the Present tense, it becomes -i.
c. In the Imperfect, it is lengthened to -e.
d. In the Future, it is dropped altogether.
144. Observing these changes, the Present tense con-
sists of Present stem -[- Personal endings.
a. The Imperfect consists of Present stem -f -ba -|-
Personal endings.
b. The PuTURE consists of Present stem + -e (i^ the
First Singular -a) + Personal endings.
145. ABLATIVE OF MANNER.
( cum cura.
Puer donum servabat -s maxima cum. cura.
( maxima cura.
i with care.
The boy preserved the gift < with the greatest care.
( with the greatest care.
Observe that cura is in the Ablative, and that it
denotes the manner in which the boy preserved the gift.
Cum is generally used with this Ablative, but it may
be omitted when there is a limiting adjective.
146. Rule XIII. The Ablative with cum is used to
express Manner. Cum may be omitted when there is a
limiting adjective.
42 LATIN READER. —LESSON XVL
MELEAGER.
147. Meleager, filius Althaeae, clarissimus Caly-
doniorum erat. Forte, ubi parvolus erat, lignum in
f oco ardebat ; subito Parcae apparent atque Althaeam
ita monent : " Filius tuus vivet, quam diii flammae
lignum non consiiment." Statim Althaea flammas
restinguit, atque lignum magna cum cura servabat.
Saevus aper quondam Calydonios diu terrebat.
148. 1. Were you living when Meleager was very
small ? 2. The sticks of wood in the fireplace will
not burn. 8. Althea is guarding her son with
great care. 4. The flames were consuming the
wood. 5. Are your sons living, Althea? 6.
Fierce boars do not terrify Meleager. 7. Were you
not extinguishing the flames ? 8. The Fates used
to appear suddenly to distinguished men.
Sight Translation. Meleager. — Concluded,
149. Meleager tandem multos claros viros condiicit.
Pulchra Atalanta quoque adest. Mox saevum aprum
in densa silva petunt. Atalanta prima monstrum
volnerat. Meleager autem aprum caedit, atque
tergum Atalantae dat. At avunculi Meleagii Ata-
con-duco, lead together, assemble. privo, de-PRiVE.
quoque, also. plenus, full.
densus, dense. ira, anger, ire.
peto, seek. iratus, angered.
monstrum, monster. accendo, light.
volnero, wound. (Vulnerable.) quod, ivMch.
caedo, kill vita, life. (Vital.)
tergum, back, skin. excedo, depart.
FOURTH CONJUGATION. 43
lantam tergo privant. Statim Meleager plenus Trae
avunculos suos caedit. Incle Althaea irata lignum
accendit, quod mox flammae consumunt. Brevi
postea Meleager e vita excedit.
150. 1. Ubi vivebat Meleager ? 2. Quae Althaeae
apparent, ubi Meleager paryolus erat? 3. Quid
dicunt Parcae ? 4. Quid facit Althaea ? 5. Cur
Meleager multos claros Calydonios condiicit? 6.
Quae prima aprum volnerat? 7. Quis aprum
caedit? 8. Cui dat Meleager tergum apri? 9.
Quid faciunt avunculi Meleagii ? 10. Cur Althaea
lignum accendit?
QUESTIONS.
151. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of
Manner, Ablative of Means, Ablative of Separation. How does
the stem of Third Conjugation verbs vary ? Of what does each
tense consist ? Give three tenses of peto and vivo. Translate :
restinguetis, restinguit, restinguebant, restinguunt, res-
tinguet, apparebit, servabit. Give the Latin for : I was
extinguishing, they will extinguish, you (plural) are extinguish-
ing, he appears, they will preserve.
LESSON XVII.
Fourth Conjugation ; Ablative of Cause.
152.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ.
IV.
ama-.
mone-.
rege-.
audi-.
, hear,
44
LATIN READER. — LESSON XVIL
am-o.
ama-s.
ama-t.
ama-nius.
ama-tis.
ama-nt.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
mone-o.
mone-s.
mone-t.
mone-mus.
mone-tis.
mone-nt.
reg-o.
regi-s.
regi-t.
regi-mus.
regi-tis.
regu-nt.
I hear,
audi-6.
audi-s.
audi-t.
audi-mus.
audi-tis.
audiu-nt.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
ama-ba-m.
ama-ba-s.
ama-ba-t.
ama-ba-mus.
ama-ba-tis.
ama-ba-nt.
mone-ba-m.
mone-ba-s.
mone-ba-t.
mone-ba-mus.
mone-ba-tis.
mone-ba-nt.
rege-ba-m.
rege-ba-s.
rege-ba-t.
rege-ba-nius.
rege-ba-tis.
rege-ba-nt.
I was hearing»
audie-ba-m.
audie-ba-s.
audie-ba-t.
audie-ba-mus.
audie-ba-tis.
audie-ba-nt.
FUTURE TENSE.
ama-b-o.
ama-bi-s.
ama-bi-t.
ama-bi-mus.
ama-bi-tis.
ama-bu-nt.
mone-b-6.
mone-bi-s.
mone-bi-t.
mone-bi-mus.
mone-bi-tis.
mone-bu-nt.
reg-a-m.
reg-e-s.
reg-e-t.
reg-e-mus.
reg-e-tis.
reg-e-nt.
I shall hear,
audi-a-m.
audi-e-s.
audi-e-t.
audi-e-mus.
audi-e-tis.
audi-e-nt.
a. Observe that, in the Eourth Conjugation, the Pres-
ent tense consists of Present stem -f- Personal endings.
b. The Imperfect tense consists of Present stem (with
-e added to it) + -t)a + Personal endings.
c. The Putnre tense consists of Present stem + -e
(in the First Singular -a) + Personal endings. Compare
the Puture of the Third Conjugation.
FOURTH CONJUGATION, 45
153. ABLATIVE OF CAUSE.
Odib virum accusatis. You accuse the man from hatred.
In this sentence, odio is in the Ablative, and denotes
the cause of the accusation.
154. Rule XIV. The Ablative is used to express
Cause.
PERSEUS ET AISTDROMEDA.
155. In Aethiopia olim belua fera agios vastabat,
atque multos viros devorabat. Cepheus, igitur,
ciiris soUicitus, oraculum consulit. Quod autem ita
respondet : '' Deus iratus propter superbiam reginae
patriam tuam sic piinit. Si autem beluae An drome-
dam dabis, tum deus poenam finiet." Inde Cepheus
maestus Andromedam ad diira saxa revincit. Mox
beluam exaudiunt.
156. 1. Many men are troubled with their cares.
2. The gods will punish the queen. 3. Men for-
merly consulted oracles. 4. The queens end the
punishment of the men. 6. Because of the oracle,
they are binding Andromeda to the rocks. 6. You
will soon hear the monster from afar.
Sight Translation. Perseus et Andromeda. — Con-
cluded,
157. Tum forte Perseus super Aethiopiam volabat.
Subito Andromedam cernit. Sine mora appropin-
quat, et lacrimarum causam quaerit. Andromeda
beluam monstrat. Statim Perseus in auras ascendit.
46 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XVIIL
Mox falcato telo tergum monstrl ferit. Dili atque
acriter pugnant. Denique Perseus beluam superat.
Inde Andromedam catenis liberat. Brevi Cepheus
filiam Perseo in matrimoiiium dat.
158. 1. Ciir olim Cepheus oraculum consulit ?
2. Quid respondet oraculum? 3. Quae erat Andro-
meda? 4. Quis Andromedam belua liberat? 5.
Quale telum erat Perseo ? 6. Quid erat praemium
Perseo ?
QUESTIONS.
159. What uses of the Ablative are contained in the two fol-
lowing sentences: They sleiv Clodius with their swords. They
slew Clodius from envy. What is the characteristic vowel of the
stem of the Fourth Conjugation? In what tense is -e added to
the stem? Inflect three tenses of punio and vincio. Give the
English for finit, finiemus, finimus, finiebamus, finient, fini-
tis. Give the Latin for: they ivere ending, I end, you (plural)
ivill end, you (singular) were ending, they are eliding. Decline
carus, -a, -um.
super, above, over. ascendo, ascend.
volOjfly. falcatus, curved.
cerno, dis-CKRN. telum, weapon, sword.
causa, CAUSE. ferio, strike.
quaero, ui-quire. pugno, fight. (Pugnacious.)
aura, air. matrimonium, marriage, matrimony.
LESSON XVII I.
Third Declension — Liquid Stems.
160. Ill the Third Declension, the stem ends either
in a consonant or in the vowel -i. Hence this Declen-
sion is divided into consonant stems and -i stems.
THIRD DECLENSION,
47
161. The Case endings for consonant stems are as
follows :
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M., F.
N.
M., F. N.
-es -a
-um
-is
D.
-i
-ibus
Ac.
-em
—
-es -a
Ab.
-e
-ibus
LIQUID STEMS.
162.
consul, m.
legio,/.
Virgo,/.
fliimen, n.
consul.
legion.
virgin.
river.
Stern
consul-
legion-
virgin-
flumin-
SINGULAR.
N.
consul
legio
virgo
flumen
G.
consulis
legionis
virginis
fluminis
D.
consul!
legioni
virgin!
flumini
Ac.
consulem
legionem
virginem
flumen
Ab.
consule
legione
PLURAL.
virgine
flumine
N.
consules
legiones
virgines
flumina
G.
consulum
legionum
virginuni
fluminum
D.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
Ac.
consules
legiones
virgines
flumina
Ab.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fluminibus
163.
labor, m.
pater, m.
corpus, n.
genus, n.
labor.
father.
body.
race.
Stem
labor-
patr-
corpor-
gener-
SINGULAR.
N.
labor
pater
corpus
genus
G.
laboris
patris
corporis
geneiis
D.
labor!
patri
corpori
generi
Ac.
laborem
patrem
corpus
genus
Ab.
labore
patre
corpore
genere
48
LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XVIIL
PLURAL.
N.
labores
patres
corpora
genera
G.
laborum
patrum
corporum
generum
D.
laboribus
patribus
corporibus
generibus
Ac.
labores
patres
corpora
genera
Ab. laboribus patribus corporibus generibus
Observe :
a. That the stem differs from the Nominative in all
these nouns, except in consul. |
h. That the Accusative Singular of Neuter nouns is
like the Nominative.
c. That the Nominative and Accusative Plural of
Neuter nouns ends in -a.
164. Decline the following nouns, first noting their
stem and gender (the stem is found by dropping the
ending -is from the Genitive) : Pastor, pastoris, m.,
shepherd, sermo, sermonis, m., conversation, opus, operis,
n., work, grando, grandinis, /., hail, mater, matris, f.,
mother, carmen, carminis, n., song, exsul, exsulis, m. and/.,
exile, tempus, temporis, n., time.
FORUM ROMAKTTM.
165. Forum Romanum erat inter Capitolium et
Palatium. Primo undique erant parvae tabernae.
Postea autem clari consules imperatoresque basili-
cas et templa in Foro aedificabant. In basilicis erant
argentariae ; hlc etiam praetores iiis reddebant. In
Ciiria HostTlia et in Templo Concordiae senatores
conveniebant. In rostris Cicero et alii oratores ad
THIRD DECLENSION.
49
populum orationes habebant. Undique erant altae
columnae et deorum simulacra et clarorum virorum
statuae.
166. 1. (There) were statues of famous consuls
in the Forum. 2. The praetor will administer jus-
tice to the people. 3. (There) were images of the
gods in Roman temples. 4. The emperor is build-
ing a lofty temple. 5. Cicero will deliver an ora-
tion to the senators in the Temple of Concord.
Sight Translation. Forum Romanum. — Concluded.
167. Togati Roman! in Forum saepe conveniebant.
Hic multa comitia habebant. Hinc Via Sacra con-
sules legiones Romanas ad bellum ediicebant. Via
Sacra legiones victores praeda onustae in Forum
incedebant magnis clamoribus populi. Nunc autem
Forum est desertus locus, et tantum-modo ruinas
ostendit. Nihil manet nisi pauca vestigia antiquae
gloriae Romanae.
168. 1. Ubi erat Forum Romanum ? 2. Quae
primo undique erant? 3. Quae postea consules im-
togatus, wearing the toga.
comitia, elections.
hinc, hence.
sacer, sacred.
e-diico, lead out.
victor, VICTOR,
praeda, booty. (Prey.)
onustus, laden.
in-cedo, advance.
clamor, shout^ clamor.
nunc, now.
de-sertus, deserted.
tantum-modo, only.
ruina, ruin.
os-tendo, show. (Ostensible.)
nihil, nothing. (Nihilist.)
nisi, unless, except.
pauci,/eiu. (Paucity.)
vestigium, trace, vestige.
antiquus, ancient. (Antique.)
gloria, GLORY.
60
LATIN BEADER. — LESSON XIX,
peratoresque in Foro aedificabant? 4. Ubi sena-
tores conveniebant ? 5. Qui in rostris orationes
habebant? 5. Qua via consules ad bellum legiones
edUcebant ? 6. Quid nunc manet in Foro Romano ?
QUESTIONS.
169. How is the Third Declension divided ? Name the
liquids (9, h). What is meant by liquid stems? Give the ease
endings for Masculine and Feminine nouns; for Neuters. What
cases are alike in Neuter nouns ? Decline : virgo, pater, genus,
pastor, legio, exsul, labor, carmen, corpus. May an Adjec-
tive of the First or Second Declension agree with a noun of the
Third Declension ?
LESSON XIX.
Third Declension — Mute Stems.
170.
Stem
princeps, m.
rex, 771.
iudex, m.
chief.
king.
judge.
n
princip-
reg-
iiidic-
SINGULAK.
N.
princeps
rex
iudex
G.
principis
regis
iudicis
D.
principi
regi
iudici
Ac.
principem
regem
iudicem
Ab.
principe
rege
ifidice
PLURAL.
N.
principes
reges
iiidices
G.
principum
regum
iudicum
D.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
Ac.
principes
regis
iudices
Ab.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
THIRD DECLENSION — MUTE STEMS.
51
Stem
miles, m.
soldier.
milit-
custos, m,
guard,
custod-
SINGULAK.
K. miles custos
G. militis custodis
D. mlliti custodi
Ac. militem custodem
Ab. milite custode
PLURAL.
N. mllites custodes
G. militum custodum
D. militibus custodibus
Ac. milites custodes
caput, 71.
head.
capit-
caput
capitis
capiti
caput
capita
capita
capitum
capitibus
capita
Ab. militibus
custodibus capitibus
Observe :
a. That all Masculines and Feminines in Mute stems
add -s to the stem to form the Nominative (rex = reg-s ;
iudex = iudic-s).
/;. That the Lingual stems drop final -d and -t in
forming the Nominative.
c. That the last vowel in the stem is often changed
in the Nominative.
171. Decline the following nouns : vox, vocis,/., voice,
virtus, virtutis,/*., bravery, ops, opis,/!, help, obses, obsidis
VI. and/., hostage, comes, comitis, m. and f., companion,
grex, gregis, m., herd,
GABlT.
172. Diu Tarquinius Superbus obsidebat Gabios,
sed friistra. Denique fraudem temp tat. Obsidione
desistit atque ad urbana opera animadvertit. Brevi
62 LATIN READEB. — LESSON XIX,
postea Sextus, filius Tarquini, ad Gabinos venit.
'' Nonne " inquit '' filium a saevis suppliciis patris
tegetis? Regis saevitia est intoleranda. Exsul
Latium pererro. Forsitan populum cupidum belli
adversus superbum regem inveniam." Statim Gabini
piincipem in oppidum libenter admittunt.
173. 1. The kings will besiege the towns of La-
tium in vain. 2. You are not turning your atten-
tion to the father's frauds. 3. I protected the king's
sons from punishment. 4. Did the prince admit
the Gabians into the town? 5. Will he protect the
exiles from the people's cruelty ?
Sight Translation, GabiT. — Concluded,
174. Brevi Sextus favorem et plebis et militum
conciliat. Inde niintium ad patrem mittit. Rex
favor, FAVOK. con-silium, p/a/?, counsel.
plebs, common people^ ple- intel-lego, understand, (In-
BEiANS. telUgent.)
con-ciUo, turn, conciliate. inter-imo, kill.
nuntius, messenger. {An- aut . . . aut, either , . . or.
nounce.) exsilium, exile.
mitto, send. (^Trans-mit.) ago, drive. (Agent.)
ibi, there. re-liquus, remaining. (ReUc.)
summus, highest. (Summit.) oppidanus, toionsman.
papaver, poppy. iiltro, of one's own accord.
baculum, stick, cedo, yield. (Cede.)
de-outio, strike off. ita-que, and so.
dis-cedo, depart. uUus, ani/,
re-nuntio, report. {Re- di-mica.tib, struggle.
nounce.) tra-do, give over, hand over,
(Tradition.)
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 53
autem nihil respondet, sed in hortum ambulat, et ibi
summa capita papaverum baculo decutit. Denique
nuntius iratus discedit et Sexto de patre renuntiat.
Sextus autem consilium patris intellegit. Mox prin-
cipes oppidi aut interimit aut in exsilium agit. Re-
liqui oppidani iiltro cedunt. Itaque Sextus patrT sine
uUa dimicatione oppidum tradit.
175. 1. Quis diii Gabios obsidebat? 2. Quid
denique rex temptat ? 3. Quem ad Gabinos mittit?
4. Quid dicit Sextus oppidanis ? 5. Num GabinT
in oppidum Sextum admittunt? 6. Quorum favo-
rem Sextus conciliat ? 7. Quem ad patrem mittit ?
8. Quid facit rex? 9. Intellegitne Sextus patris
consilium ? 10. Quid facit Sextus ? 11. Quid
faciunt ultro reliqui oppidani ?
QUESTIONS.
176. Name the mutes in their classes (9, a). Decline: vox,
lumen, virtus, condicio, pes, honor, comes, onus, salus.
What difference in gender do you observe between nouns in -us,
(Genitive -eris or -oris), and those in -us, (Genitive -utis) ?
LESSON XX.
Third Declension — I Stems.
MASCULINES AND FEMININES IN -IS AND -ES.
177. tussis, /. navis, /. ignis, m. hostis, />i. nubes /.
cough. ship. Jive. enemy. cloud.
Stem tussi- navi- igni- hosti- niibi-
64
LATIN READER. —-LESSON XX.
SINGULAR.
N". tussis navis ignis hostis nubes
G. tussis navis ignis hostis nubis
D. tussi navi fgni hosti nubi
Ac. tussim navem(-im)ignem hostem nubem
Ab. tussi navi (-e) igni (-e) hoste nCibe
PLURAL.
N. tusses naves ignes hostes nubes
G. tussium navium ignium hostium nubium
D. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus. nubibus
Ac. tussis (-es) navis (-es) ignis (-es) hostis (-es) nubis (-is)
Ab. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus
NEUTERS IN -E, -AL, AND -AR.
178. mare, n., sea. animal, n., animal, calcar, 7^., spur.
Stem marl- animali- calcari-
SINGULAR.
N.
mare
animal
calcar
G.
maris
animalis
calcaris
D.
mari
animali
calcari
Ac.
mare
animal
calcar
Ab.
mari
animali
PLURAL.
calcari
:^r.
maria
animalia
calcaria
G.
marium
animalium
calcarium
D.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Ac.
maria
animalia
calcaria
Ab.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Observe that -i stems have the following peculiari»
ties : —
a. They have -ium in the Genitive Plural.
THIRD DECLENSION — I STEMS. 65
b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar have -i in the Ablative
Singular, and -ia in the Nominative and Accusative
Plural.
c. Stems in -is and -es have -is or -es in the Accusa-
tive Plural.
d. The Accusative Singular of stems in -is and -es
varies between -im and -em.
e. The Ablative Singular of stems in -is and -es varies
between -i and -e.
179. Note. 1 stems m -is and -es are easily distinguished
from consonant stems in -is and -es; for -i stems have the same
number of syllables in the Genitive as in the Nominative Singular,
while consonant stems increase the number of syllables; thus,
col-lis, Genitive col-lis, is an -i stem; but la-pis, Genitive
la-pi-dis, is a consonant stem. So also cae-des, Genitive cae-
dis, is an -i stem; but co-mes, Genitive co-mi-tis, is a consonant
stem.
180. To -i stems belong :
a. Nouns in -is and -es (not increasing in the Geni-
tive).
b. Neuters in -e, -al, and -ar.
181. Like tussis, decline sitis, thirst (in the Singular
only, because of its meaning).
a. Like navis, decline turris, tower, and securis, axe.
b. Like ignis, decline amnis, river, avis, bird, classis,
fleetj finis, end, messis, harvest, and ovis, sheep.
G. Most other -i stems in -is and -es are declined like
hostis and niibes.
56 LATIN READER. — LESSON XX.
BRUTUS ET FILII TARQUINI.
182. Maxima opera Tarquini Superb! erant Tem-
pliim lovis et Cloaca Maxima. In labore operum
plebem diii exercebat. Subito portentum apparet.
Aiiguis ex columiia lignea emergit atque incolas
regiae perterret. Inde rex suos duos filios per terras
et per maria ad oraculum Apollinis mittit. L. luiiius
Brutus, consobrinus, erat comes principibus. Tres
iuvenes tandem in Graeciam perveniunt. Hic primo
pro rege oraculum consulunt.
183. 1. The greatest work of the people was a
temple. 2. The king will send the youths over
the sea. 3. The travellers were consulting the in-
habitants of the land. 4. The companions of the
youth are the king's cousins. 5. We shall keep
the people busy on the works.
Sight Translation,
Brutus et Filii Tarquini. — Concluded,
184. Deinde iuvenes ab oraculo quaerunt : "- Quis,
post mortem Tarquini, regnum obtinebit?" Pythia
SIC respondet : '^Imperium summum Romae habebit,
qui primus matii osculum dabit." Inde duo filii Tar-
quini de regno sortis ducunt. Sed Brutus consulto
cadit, atque terrae osculum dat. ''.Nam" putat
''terra est mater mortalium." Inde Romam repe-
tunt. Brevi postea Romani cives, laboribus irati,
Tarquinium regno pellunt, atque Brutum consulem
creant.
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS.
57
185. 1. Quae sunt maxima opera Tarquini Su-
perb!? 2. Quo modo rex plebem exercebat? 3.
Quod portentum apparet ? 4. Quid facit rex ? 5.
Quis erat comes filiis Tarquini. 6. Quid primo
faciunt in Graecia? 7. Quid postea quaerunt iu-
venes ? 8. Quid respondet Pytliia ? 9. Quid
faciunt prmcipes? 10. Quid facit Briitus? 11.
Quid postea regi accidit?
QUESTIONS.
186. What are the peculiarities of -i stems ? How can -i stems
in -is and -es be distinguished from consonant stems in -is and
-es ? What nouns belong to -i stems ? Decline : avis, lapis,
cubile, rupes, eques, ovis, pax, nectar, clades, vectigal,
aedis, nomen.
de-inde, then^ afterwards,
post, after.
mors, death. (Mortal.)
ob-tineo, obtaix.
regnum, kingdom. (Reign.)
ini-periuni, command. (Empire.)
mater, mother.
osculum, kiss.
SOTS, lot. (Sort.)
duco, lead, draw. (Aque-dnct.)
con-sulto, on purpose.
(Consult.)
CRdo, fall.
puto, think. (Com-pute.)
mortalis, mortal.
re-peto, seek again, return
to. (Repeat.)
civis, citizen. (Civic.)
peUo, ex-rEL.
creo, elect. (Create.)
LESSON XXI.
Third Declension — Mixed Stems ; Gender Rules ;
Ablative of Accompaniment.
187. urbs,/.
city.
Stem urb- (i-)
arx,/.
citadel.
arc- (i-)
pons, m.
bridge.
pont- (i-)
aetas, /.
age.
aetat- (i-)
58
LATIJS
r READER.
— LESSON
XXL
SINGULAR.
N.
urbs
arx
pons
aetas
G.
urbis
arcis
pontis
aetatis
D.
urbi
arci
ponti
aetati
Ac.
urbem
arcem
pontem
aetatem
Ab.
urbe
arce
ponte
aetate
PLURAL.
N.
urbes
arces
pontes
aetates
G.
urbium
arcium
pontium
aetatium (-um)
D.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
Ac.
urbis (-es)
arcis (-is)
pontis (-es)
aetatis (-es)
Ab.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
a. Notice that these nouns are declined like Conso-
nant stems in the Singular, and like -i steins in the
Plural. Hence they are called Mixed stems. They
were originally -i stems.
188. To Mixed stems belong :
a. Monosyllables ending in -s and -x following a con-
sonant, as : urbs, arx.
b. Nouns ending in -tas, as : aetas.
189. Decline : pars, partis, part^ mons, mentis, motin-
taiuj civitas, civitatis, state.
190. THIRD DECLENSION GENDER RULES.
I. Nouns ending in -6 (except those in -do, -go, -io),
-or, -OS, -er, -es are generally Masculine.
II. Nouns ending in -as, -es, -is, -ys, -x, -s (preceded by
a consonant), -do, -go, -io, and -us are generally Feminine.
III. Nouns ending in -a, -e, -i, -y, -c, 1-, -n, -t, -ar, -ur,
and -us are generally Neuter.
THIRD DECLENSION — MIXED STEMS, 59
191. ABLATIVE OF ACCOMPANIMENT.
Puer cum amico ambulat. The hoy is walking with a
friend.
Observe that amico is in the Ablative with the prepo-
sition cum, and that it denotes that the boy is accompa-
nied by a friend. Hence it is called the Ablative of
Accompaniment.
192. Rule XV. The Ablative with the preposition
cum is used to denote Accompaniment.
HORATIUS COCLES.
193. Tarquinius Superbus, iam exsul, ab Larte
Porsena, rege CliisT, auxilium petit. Mox maximo
in periculo erat Roma. Nam Porsena magnis cum
copiis in urbem incedebat. Ubique rex copias Roma-
norum vincit. Iam montem laniculum occupat.
Milites Roman! arma ordinesque relinquunt, atque
fuga saliitem petunt. Tum Pons Sublicius solus
fliimen Tiberim iungebat. Nisi Romani pontem
interscindent, brevi Porsena in urbem copias suas
tradiicet. Sed Romanis virtus non omnino deest.
Pro ponte Horatius Codes cum Sp. Lartio et T.
Herminio hostis sustinet.
194. 1. The king's forces will advance upon the
cities. 2. Large bridges span the river Tiber.
3. Will a Roman soldier leave the ranks, and seek
safety in flight? 4. Are you not cutting down the
bridges, Romans ? The soldiers of Lars Porsena
were holding back the enemy's forces.
60
LATIN READER.
LESSON XXL
Sight Translation. Horatius Cocles. — Concluded.
195. Interea milites civesque Roman! pontem in-
terscindebant. Mox, ubi exigua pars pontis manet,
Horatius duos comites transmittit. Nunc solus sed
intrepidus pontem tenet. Denique magno fragore
pons in flumen decidit. Roman! magnum clamorem
tollunt. Inde Horatius, etiam armatus, in Tiberim
desilit atque ad suos comites~tranat. Tanta virtiite
c!vitatem servat. Grati c!ves statuam Horat! in
Comitio ponunt.
196. 1. A quo Tarquinius auxilium petit ? 2.
Cur mox erat Roma maximo in peiiculo ? 3. Quem
montem Porsena occupat ? 4. Nonne Roman! re-
gem Clusi vincunt? 5. Qu! pons turn fiiimen Ti-
berim iungebat? 6. Quot Roman! host!s sustinent?
7. Dum Horatius host!s sustinet, quid Roman! facie-
bant ? 8. Deciditne pons in fiiimen ? 9. Quid
deinde facit Horatius ? 10. Quod praemium c!ves
Horatio dant?
inter-ea, meanwhile,
ex-iguus, small.
pars, PART.
trans-mitto, send acres s.
(Transmit.)
fragor, crash.
de-cido, fall down. (Decid-
uous. )
toUo, raise, {Ex-tol.)
de-silio, leap down.
tra-no, swim across.
tantus, so great.
civitas, state,
gratUS, GUATK-f ul,
Comitium, the comitium,
place in the Forum,
pono, place. (Position.)
VERB SUM. 61
QUESTIONS.
197. Why are the Mixed stems so called ? What nouns be-
long to Mixed stems ? State the Gender Rules of the Third
Declension. Give an example of your own of the Ablative of
Accompaniment, Ablative of Manner, Ablative of Means. De-
cline : aestas, cliens, volpes, laus, exemplar, mens, celeritas,
sides, mors, piscis.
LESSON XXII.
Verb Sum — Perfect, Pluperfect, and Future Per-
fect Indicative ; Imperative.
198. There are three tenses in the Indicative mood
besides the Present, Imperfect, and Future ; viz., the
Perfect, Pluperfect^ and Future Perfect.
199. The Perfect tense denotes either :
a. Time completed in the past, withoitt reference to
its continuance; as : I walked; or,
h. Time completed in the present, as : / have ivalked.
200. The Pluperfect tense denotes time completed in
the past, before some other action was begun, as : I had
walked a mile, luhen I met a stranger.
201. The Future Perfect tense denotes time completed
in the future, as : / shall have ivalked.
202. The Imperative mood has but two tenses, the
Present and the Future.
62 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXII.
203. VERB SUM INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem^ fu-.
PERFECT.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
„ . ^ I was. ^ . i we were.
fu-i, < ^ 7 r fu-imus, -{ J ,
I I have been. ( we have been.
^ . ^- S you were. i? • 4.- S Vou were.
fu-istl, \ r^ r, fu-lStlS, < , ,
( you have been. ( you have been.
^ he was. fu-erunt J they were.
^'^ ' I he has been. or fu-ere, ( they have been.
PLUPERFECT.
fu-era-m, I had been. fu-era-mus, we had been.
fu-era-s, you had been. . fu-era-tis, you had been.
fu-era-t, he had been. fu-era-nt, they had been.
FUTURE PERFECT.
fu-er-o, I shall have been. fu-eri-mus, we shall have been. -
fu-eri-s, you will have been. fu-eri-tis, you will have been.
fu-eri-t, he will have been. fu-eri-nt, they will have been.
IMPERATIVE MOOD. Present stem, es-.
PRESENT.
es, be thou. es-te, be ye.
FUTURE.
es-to, thou shalt be. es-tote, ye shall be,
es-to, he shall be. su-nto, they shall be,
a. Notice that the somewhat irregular personal end-
ings in the Perfect are added directly to the Perfect
stem.
VERB SUM. 63
b. The tense sign in the Pluperfect is -era- = had.
c. The tense sign in the Future Perfect is -eri- = shall
or will have.
Note. — The tense signs and personal endings of these three
tenses are the same in all Latin verbs. Master them and their
meanings now, and they will present no further difficulty.
d. Observe that -6 is the prevailing vowel in the
Future Imperative.
ATALANTA.
204. Atalanta fuit celerrima mortalium. Diii
propter oraculum coniugium vitabat. Schoeneus,
virginis pater, procos f iliae sic monebat : '^ Si victor
certamine pedum eris, turn filiam meam in matri-
monium duces. Sed mors esto pretium tarditatis."
Nihilo minus Atalantae multi proci fuerunt. Nam
fuit pulcherrima virgo. Itaque multi ex foedere
poenam pendebant. Denique Hippomenes virginem
in matrimonium petit. Ante certamen autem a
Venere auxilium orat. Inde dea iuveni tria aurea
poma dat.
205. 1. Notwithstanding, the maidens had many
suitors. 2. Had you been a victor in the races?
3. Many of the maidens were most beautifuL 4.
Hippomenes will be the victor in the foot-race.
5. The father of the maidens had been the swiftest
of mortals. 6. You shall pay the penalty unless
you are Qit. shall have been) the victor.
64 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXII.
Sight Translation. At al ant A. — Concluded,
206. Interea undique ad certamen conyeniunt.
Mox tubae signum dant. Una cursores carcere
emicant et clamoribus multitudinis pariter volant.
Turn Hippomenes, dum meta longe abest, unum de
tribus pomis mittit. Virgo cupTdine ami declinat, tol-
litque nitidum pomum. Interea Hippomenes primum
locum tenet. Mox tamen Atalanta moram corrigit.
Inde iuvenis secundum pomum mittit, sed nequiquam.
lam ad metam appropinquabant. '' Nunc " inquit
Hippomenes ""'ades, o dea." Inde tertium pomum
mittit. Atalanta dubitat, declinat, atque Hippo-
menes victor emicat, habetque praemium.
207. 1. Ciir Atalanta coniugium vitabat? 2.
Quo modo Schoeneus procos filiae monebat? 8.
Num mult! poenam pendebant? 4. Quis denique
virginem in matrimonium petit? 5. Quid Venus
iuveni dat? 6. Dum meta lo;ige abest, quid facit
Hippomenes ? 7. Num virgo cupidine pomi de-
clinat? 8. Corrigitne moram? 9. Quid deinde
facit Hippomenes ? 10. Ubi tertium pomum mittit ?
11. Quis fuit victor?
tuba, trumpet. absum, he distant (Absent.)
signnni, signal. cupido, desire. (Cupidity.)
una, together. (Unit.) auruni, gold.
cuxBox, runner. (Cursory.) die-clln.o, turn aside. (Decline.)
career, starting point. tollo, pick up.
emico, dart forth. nitidus, shining.
pariter, side by side. (Parity.) corrigo, make up. (Correct.)
meta., goal. dubito, hesitate. (Dubita-
longe, afar. tive.)
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES.
65
QUESTIONS.
208. What time does the Perfect denote ? Distinguish be-
tween the Imperfect and Perfect. What time does the Pluper-
fect denote ? The Future Perfect ? Of what does the Perfect of
sum consist ? What is the tense sign of the Pluperfect ? Of
the Future Perfect ? What are the English equivalents of these
tense signs ? Conjugate all the tenses of the Indicative and
Imperative of sum. Latin and English. Translate : fueritis,
fui, fueramus, fuere, fuistis, fuerint ; loe have been, I had been,
he will have been, they had been. Give an example of the Dative
of Possessor.
LESSON XXIII.
Third Declension Adjectives — I stems; First
Conjugation — Indicative and Imperative.
209. acer, sharp. Stem acri-. celer, swift. Stem celeri-.
MASC.
N. acer
O.
D.
Ac. acrem
Ab.
FEM.
acris
acris
acri
acrem
acri
SINGULAR.
NEUT. MASC.
acre celer
acre celerem
FEM.
celeris
celeris
celeri
celerem
celeri
NEUT.
celere
celere
N. acres
G.
D.
acres
acrium
acribus
PLURAL.
acria celeres
celeres
celerium
celeribus
celeria
Ac. acris (-es) acris (-es) acria celeris (-es) celeris (-es) celeria
Ab. acribus celeribus
66
LATIN READER. —LESSON XXIIL
210.
fortis, brave. Stem forti-
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
SINGULAR.
MASC. and fem.
fortis
fortis
forti
fortem
forti
NEUT.
forte
forte
PLURAL.
MASC. and fem. neut.
fortes fortia
fortium
fortibus
fortis (-es) fortia
fortibus
211. All stems in -ri are declined like acer, except
celer, which keeps -e throughout.
a. Like acer, decline equester, equestrian^ andpedester,
'pedestrian. Like fortis, decline brevis, short., and gravis,
heavy. Decline together : fortis vir ; acris pugna ; breve
tempus.
212. FIRST CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem amav-.
PERFECT.
amav-i,
w
amav-isti,
amav-it,
I loved.
have loved,
you loved,
you have loved,
he loved,
he has loved.
( we loved.
\ we have loved.
j you loved.
\ you have loved.
araav-erunt, r they loved,
or amav-ere, \ they have loved.
amav-imus,
amav-istis,
PLUPERFECT.
amav-era-m, I had loved. amav-era-mus, we had loved.
amav-era-s, you had loved. amav-era-tis, you had loved.
amav-era-t, he had loved. amav-era-nt, they had loved.
FUTURE PERFECT.
snoasLY-er-o, I shall have loved. amav-eri-mus, ive shall have
loved.
amav-eri-s, you will have loved, amav-eri-tis, you will have loved.
amav-eri-t, he will have loved, amav-eri-nt, they will have loved.
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 67
IMPERATIVE MOOD. — Present Stem, ama-.
PRESENT.
ama, love thou, ama-te, love ye.
FUTURE.
ama-to, thou shalt love, ama-tote, ye shall love,
ama-to, he shall love. ama-nto, they shall love.
a. Observe that, in the First Conjugation, the Perfect
stem is formed by adding -v to the Present stem, thus :
ama 4- v = amav-.
Note. — The student should hereafter learn the Principal
Parts of all the verbs in each Lesson, so that he may know their
different stems.
DEUCALION ET PYRRHA.
213. Omnibus in locis terrae olim fuerunt impie-
tas et scelus. Numquam antehac homines tarn
turpes criidelesque fuerant. Denique luppiter terri-
bilem poenam paravit. Ex omni caelo densos nim-
bos convocat et adsiduos imbris demittit. Neptunus
quoque fratrem iuvat. Ubique fliimina agios inun-
dant. lam altum mare etiam summos montis tegebat.
Parnasus solus ex undis eminebat. Hic pius Deuca-
lion cum coniuge Pyrrha parva rate adhaerebant.
Nee iam Ira deorum manet.
214. 1. We had called pious men together from
every land. 2. The highest mountains alone will
project from the deep sea. 3. The gods have pre-
pared cruel punishments for base men. 4. The
river will have inundated the land before this. 5.
Jupiter and Neptune assisted Deucalion and Pyrrha.
68 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIIL
Sight Translation.
Deucalion et Pyrrha. — Concluded,
215. Statim Neptunus nubis fugavit et flumina
mariaque revocavit. Sed ex omnibus mortalibus
modo duo supereraiit. Maesti Deucalion et Pyrrha
in teraplo a dea auxilium orabant. Inde Themis sic
responsum dedit : '' Velate capita, et post tergum
ossa magnae parentis iactate." Diu stupebant. Deu-
calion tandem sic dicit : '^ Terra est magna parens
omnium. Forsitan lapides sunt ossa magnae paren-
tis, Inde a templo discedunt, capita velant, et saxa
post tergum mittunt. Mox respiciunt. lam saxa
sunt viii et feminae. Sic del terrae homines resti-
tuerunt.
216. 1. Ciir olim luppiter terribilem poenam ho-
minibus paravit? 2. Quid facit luppiter? 3. Quo
modo Neptunus lovem iuvat ? 4. Qui mons solus
ex undis eminebat? 5. Qui monti adhaerebant?
6. Quid statim facit Neptiinus ? 7. Quot ex omni-
bus mortalibus supererant? 8. Quid faciunt Deu-
calion et Pyrrha? 9. Quod responsum dedit dea?
10. Quid de responso dicit Deucalion? 11. Quid
faciunt Deucalion et Pyrrha? 12. Quid evenit?
re-voco, recall. (Revoke.) parens, parent.
modo, only. re-spicio, look hack, (Re-
Themis, Goddess of Justice. spect.)
re-sponsum, response. femina, woman, (Feminine.)
velo, VEIL. re-stituo, restore, (Restitu-
OS, hone, (Ossify.) tion.)
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 69
QUESTIONS.
217. What is the difference in declension between acer and
celer ? Why does f ortis have but two endings in the Nomina-
tive ? Conjugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of
paro and do. What is the use of learning the Principal Parts
of verbs ?
LESSON XXIV.
Third Declension Adjectives — Consonant Stems;
Second Conjugation — Indicative and
Imperative.
218.
audax, daring.
prudens, prudent.
Stem audac-.
Stem prudent-.
SINGULAR.
M., F. N.
M., F.
N.
audax
prudens
G.
audacis
prudentis
D.
audaci
prudent!
Ac.
audacem audax
prudentem priidens
Ab.
audaci (-e)
prudenti (-e)
PLURAL.
N.
audaces audacia
priidentes priidentia
G.
audacium
prudentium
D.
audacibus
prudentibus
Ac.
audacis (-es) audacia
prudentis (-es) priidentia
Ab.
audacibus
prudentibus
a. Almost all adjectives of the Third Declension with
Consonant stems are declined, like audax and prudens,
with the case endings of -i stems. Decline atrox, fierce,
and diligens, diligent. Decline together : ferox aper ;
ingens templum ; vetus Roma.
70 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIV.
219. SECOND CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem monu-.
PERFECT.
PLUPERFECT.
I warned or I have warned.
I had warned.
monu-i monu-imus
monu-era-m monu-era-mus
monu-isti monu-istis
monu-era-s monu-era-tis
monu-it monu-erunt
monu-era-t monu-era-nt
or monu-ere
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
FUTURE PERFECT.
Present stem mone-.
I shall have warned.
PRESENT.
mone mone-te
monu-er-6 monu-eri-mus
FUTURE.
monu-eri-s monu-eri-tis
mone-to mone-tote
monu-eri-t monu-eri-nt
mone-to mone-nto
a. Most verbs of the Second Conjugation form the
Perfect stem by changing final -e of the Present stem to
-u, thus mone- becomes monu- ; but there are many ex-
ceptions which should be carefully studied. Notice the
stems of sedeo and video in the following paragraph.
C. MUCIUS SCAEVOIiA.
220. Diu Porsena Romam obsederat. Maxima
inopia cibT in urbe erat. Denique C. Miicius, adu-
lescens nobilis, in castra hostium penetravit. Ibi
prope regium tribiinal ingentem turbam vidit. Scriba
cum rege sedebat, atque stTpendium militibus dabat.
Dili Miicius dubitabat; nam figiirae regis inscius
erat. Denique scrlbam pro rege obtruncat. Satel-
lites regis audacem iuvenem comprehendunt retra-
huntque ante tribunal. liissis regis, iTgna Miicio
circumdant, atque ignis parant.
THIRD DECLENSION ADJECTIVES. 71
221. 1. Porsena's soldiers were besieging the ene-
my's camp. 2. The daring j^ouths had slain the
king's attendants. 3. The soldiers penetrated the
vast crowd. 4. The enemies of Mucins will have
besieged the cities. 5. Is not the crowd of daring
soldiers sitting before the tribunal ?
Sight Translation.
C. Mucius ScAEVOLA. — Concluded.
222. Miicius autem interritus, '' Romanus civis "
inquit '' sum, neque mortem timeo." Inde dextram
in ignem imponit. Porsena, attonitus miraculo, tan-
tam virtutem laudat, atque Miicium liberum dimittit.
Inde Mucius regem sic monuit : '^ Trecenti Roman!
iuvenes, magne rex, in te coniuraverunt. Mea prima
sors fuit. Ceteri singuli aderunt, utcumque occasio
erit." Rex, de sua saliite commotus, copias dediicit,
et agro Romano excedit. Postea Miicius, a clade
dextrae, cognomen Scaevola habuit.
223. 1. Ciir olim erat maxima inopia cibi in urbe
Roma? 2. Quis in castra hostium penetravit?
in-territus, unterrified.
timeo, /ea7\ (Timid.)
dextra, right hand. (Dex-
terous.)
im-pono, put into or on.
(Imposition.)
at-tonitus, astonished.
miraoulum, startling act.
di-mitto, DISMISS.
tre-oenti, three hundred.
con-iuro, conspire. (Conjure.)
ut-cumque, whenever,
oc-casio, opportunity., occa-
sion.
oom-motus, alarmed. (Com-
motion.)
ceteri, the others.
singuli, one hy one. (Singular.)
de-duoo, lead away. (Deduce.)
cog-nomen, surname.
72
LATIN BEAJDEB. — LESSON XXV.
3. Quid prope regium tribunal Yidit? 4. Ciir Mii-
cius scribam pro rege obtruncavit ? 5. Quid audaci
iuveni accidit? 6. Nonne Mucius ignis timuit?
7. Quid facit Miicius? 8. Quid facit Porsena?
9. Quid Miicius regem monuit? 10. Quid facit
rex ? 11. Quod cognomen postea Mucius liabuit ?
QUESTIONS. 9
224. What -i stem endings are found in the declension of
most Third Declension adjectives with consonant stems ? Con-
jugate the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of habeo and
sedeo. What is the Genitive Singular of Mucius?
LESSON XXV.
Fourth Declension ; Third Conjugation — Indica-
tive and Imperative.
225. exercitus, m., arm?/. cornu,n.^ horn. doniuSff., house.
Stem exercitu- cornu- domu-
SINGULAR.
N. exercitus cornu domus
G. exercitus cornus domus (domi)
D. exercitui (-u) cornu domui (domo)
Ac. exercitum cornu domum
Ab. exercitu cornu domo (domu)
CASE ENDINGS.
-US
-u
-us
-ui(-u)
-u
-um
-u
-u
PLURAL.
N. exercitus cornua domus -us -ua
G. exercituum cornuum domuum (domorum) -uum
D. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus
Ac. exercitus cornua domos (domus) -us -ua
Ab. exercitibus cornibus domibus -ibus
FOURTH DECLENSION. 73
a, Notice that the stem ends in -u; hence this is
sometimes called the -u Declension.
b. Observe that domus has several forms of the
Second Declension, and that the Second Declension form
is preferred to the Fourth in the Ablative Singular and
in the Accusative Plural.
226. Gender Rule. Most nouns of the Fourth Declen-
sion ending in -us are Masculine ; those ending in -u are
Neuter.
Exc. Manus and domus are feminine.
227. Like exercitus decline magistratus, m., magis-
trate^ and manus, /., handj band; like cornu decline
genu, n.j knee,
228. THIRD CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Perfect stem rex-
PERFECT.
PLU
PERFECT.
I ruled or
Ih
ave ruled.
Iliad ruled.
rex-i
rex-imus
rex-era-m
rex-era-mus
rex-isti
rex-istis
rex-era-s
rex-era-tis
rex-it
rex-erunt
or rex-ere
rex-era-t
rex-era-nt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present stem rege-.
FUTURE PERFECT. PRESENT.
I shall hare ruled. rege regi-te
rex-er-o rex-eri-mus future.
rex-eri-s rex-eri-tis regi-to regi-tote
rex-eri-t rex-eri-nt regi-to regu-nto
a. The formation of the Perfect stem in the Third
Conjugation is very irregular. Kotice the following
ways of forming the Perfect stem :
74 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXV.
1. Adding s to the root ; reg- + s = rex-, due- + s =
dux-, lud- + s = lus-.
2. Eeduplicatioii (prefixing the first two letters to
the root) : cu 4- curr- = cucurr-, pe + pell- = pepul-.
3. Lengthening the vowel of the root : em-, em- ; ag-
eg- ; vine-, vie-.
4. Adding -u to the root : al- + u = alu-, col- + u =- colu-.
5. By adding -Iv to the root : pet- + iv = petiv-, quaer-
+ IV = quaesTv-.
6. Eetaining the root : ru-, ru- : vert-, vert-.
DUO EQUITES.
229. Postquam Porsena cum suo exercitu finibus
Romanis excesserat, Tarquinius ab Octavio Mamilio,
rege Latiiiorum, auxilium petTvit. Brevi postea Ro-
man! et Latini ad lacum Regillum dimicaverunt.
Grave et atrox erat proelium. Denique a sinistro
cornii Romani impetum Latinorum non sustinuerunt.
Iiide Aulas Postumius dictator, '' Templum " incla-
mat " geminis fratribus voveo, sT hodie hostis vTceri-
mus." Ecce autem, statim duo ignoti iuvenes in albis
equis delectam manum dictatoris in hostis diicebant.
230. 1. The two armies have withdrawn from the
Latin territor3^ 2. Mamilius had led the cavalry
against the left wing. 3. The dictator, with a
picked band of young men, was sustaining the ene-
my's attacks. 4. Postumius will lead the left wing
of the Roman army. 5. Will not the king have
sought aid from the Latins?
I
FOURTH DECLENSION. 75
Sight Translation, Duo Equites. — Concluded,
231. Omnibus in locis magna caedes erat. lam
Mamilius atque filius Tarquini occidunt. Denique
Latini terga vertunt et fuga saliitem petunt. In-
terea in urbe elves in magno metu erant. Subito,
oeeasii solis, duo equites in Foro apparent. Prope
templum Vestae ex equis descendunt. Dum hic
fessTs equis aquam dant, civibus vTctoriam praecla-
ram nuntiant. Inde ex Foro equitant, neque iterum
Romanis apparent. Sed Aulus ''Duo equites" in-
quit ''gemini fratres, Castor et Pollux, fuerunt."
In Foro igitur templum magnificum aedificavit dica-
vitque geminis dels.
232. 1. Num Porsena Romam expugnavit? 2.
A quo postea Tarquinius auxilium petivit? 3.
Ubi duo exercitlis dimicaverunt ? 4. Nonne Ro-
man! impetum Latinorum sustinuerunt? 5. Quid
inclamavit dictator? 6. Quid accidit? 7. Qui
denique terga verterunt? 8. Qui in Foro, occasu
solis, apparuerunt ? 9. Quid prope templum Vestae
fecerunt? 10. Qui erant duo equites ?
oc-cid6,/a??, perish. fessus, tired.
verto, turn. (i?e-vert.) victoria, victory.
metus, anxiety. prae-clarus, splendid^ glorious.
oc-casus, setting. nuntio, an-NOUNCE.
sol, sun. (Solar.) iterum, again.
Vesta, Goddess of the Hearth. Castor, Castor.
de-scendo, descend, dis- Pollux, Pollux.
mount, magni-ficus, magnificent.
76
LATIN READER,
LESSON XXVL
QUESTIONS.
233. Why is the Fourth Declension sometimes called the -u
Declension ? Decline domus. In what cases of domus are the
Second Declension forms preferred to the Fourth ? State the
Gender Kule. What nouns in -us are Feminine ? Conjugate
the whole of the Indicative and Imperative of duco. Give a
synopsis in the Indicative and Imperative of do and sustineo.
(A synopsis is an outline of a verb, giving but one form in each
tense, as: amat, amabat, amabit, etc.)
LESSON XXVI.
Fifth Declension ; Fourth Conjugation — Indica-
tive and Imperative ; Accusative of Time.
234.
dies, m.
, day.
res,
/.,
thing.
Stem
die-
re-
CASE
ENDINGS.
SING.
PLUR.
SING.
PLUR.
SING
PLUR.
N.
dies
dies
res
res
-es
-es
G.
diei
dierum
rei
rerum
-ei
-erum
D.
diei
diebus
rei
rebus
-ei
-ebus
Ac.
diem
dies
rem
res
-em
-es
Ab.
die
diebus
re
rebus
-e
-ebus
a. The stem ends in -e.
b. Only dies and res have all the cases in the Plural.
Most nouns of this declension are declined in the Sin-
gular only, but a few have also the Nominative and
Accusative Plural.
c. Contrary to the rule, in the Genitive and Dative
Singular the vowel -e is long before -i, except in res, spes,
and fides. See § 8, h.
FIFTH BECLENSION,
n
235. Gender Rule. ISTouns of the Fifth Declension
are Feminine, except dies, which is usually Masculine in
the Singular, and always in the Plural.
236. FOURTH CONJUGATION INDICATIVE MOOD.
Ferfect stein audiv-.
PERFECT.
1 heard or I have heard.
audlv-i
audiv-imus
audiv-isti
audiv-istis
audiv-it
audiv-erunt
or audiv-ere
FUTURE
PERFECT.
I shall have heard.
audiv-er-o
audiv-eri-mus
audiv-eri-s
audiv-eri-tis
audiv-eri-t
audiv-eri-nt
PLUPERFECT.
/ had heard.
audiv-era-m audiv-era-mus
audiv-era-s audiv-era-tis
audiv-era-t audiv-era-nt
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
Present stem audi-.
PRESENT.
audi audi-te
FUTURE.
audi-to audi-tote
audi-to audiu-nto
a. The Perfect stem in the Fourth Conjugation is
regularly formed by adding -v to the Present stem as^
audi- + V = audiv-.
237. ACCUSATIVE OF TIME HOW LONG.
Multos annos caecus fuit. He ivas blind many years.
Observe that annos is in the Accusative, and that it
answers the question, Hoiv long? It is therefore called
the Accusative of thiie how long.
238. Rule XVI.
time how long.
The Accusative is used to denote
78 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXVL
PROSERPINA.
239. In Sicilia quondam Proserpina, filia Cereris,
in luco flores carpebat. Subito Plutonis currus ad
lucum celeriter appropinquat. Deus pulchram deam
videt atque statim diligit. Nee ulla mora est. lam
Proserpina captiva in curru terribilis del per agros
lacusque volat. NequTquam dea territa matrem et
comites clamat. Mox Pliiton sceptrum in altum
fontem condit et viam in Tartara aperit.
Interea Ceres filiam dies noctisque quaesiverat,
sed non reppererat. Denique fessa dea omnem spem
deposuit. Valde irata fruges terris negabat. Ubique
dira inopia erat.
240. 1. At length the mother and companions of
Proserpina gave up all their hopes. 2. Have you
searched for the maiden during the night? 3. He
had opened a way through the earth with Pluto's
sceptre. 4. Did not the maidens pluck flowers in
the fields during the day? 5. You will not find
the god's chariot in the grove.
Sight Translation, Proserpina. — Concluded.
241. Sed fliimen Alpheus, dum subter Siciliam
fluit, Proserpinam vTderat, et nunc tandem Cereri
to tarn rem narravit. Inde dea ad lovem venit, et
auxilium oravit. Pater hominum atque deorum
preces Cereris benigne audivit. Turn sic respondit :
'' Proserpina repetet terram, sed certa lege, si niillum
cibum contigit." At infelix Proserpina, dum per
:fifth declension. 79
hortum errat, Puniceum pomum gustaverat. Iterum
Ceres omnem spem deposuit. Turn luppiter, plenus
misericordiae annum inter Plutonem et Cererem
dividit. Qua re postea Proserpina cum matre sex
mensis, cum coniuge totidem mensis semper manebat.
242. 1. Ubi quondam Proserpina flores carpebat?
2. Qui ad lucum celeriter appropTnquat? 8. Vi-
de tne Pliiton Proserpinam ? 4. Quid statim accidit ?
5. Quo modo Pliiton viam in Tartara aperuit? 6.
Quid interea Ceres fecerat? 7. Quo modo Ceres
terras piinivit? 8. Quis tandem CererT totam rem
narravit ? 9. A quo Ceres auxilium oravit ? 10.
Quid respondit luppiter? 11. Contigeratne Pro-
serpina iillum cibum? 12. Quid tandem fecit
luppiter?
QUESTIONS.
243. Decline together festus dies ; res publica ; inanis
currus. State the Gender Rule for the Fifth Declension. Inflect
the Indicative and Imperative of reperio. Give a synopsis of
divido and nianeo.
Alpheus, a river in Greece. in-felix, unfortunate. (Infelici-
subter, underneath. tous.)
fluo, FLOW. Puniceus, funic, reddish ; with
totus, whole. (Total.) pomum. = pomegranate,
-prex, prayer, entreaty. ^usto, taste. (Dis-gust.)
benigiie, in a kindly manner, miseri-cordia, pity.
BEmGi^LT. divido, divide.
lex, law. (Legal.) sex, six.
certus, fixed, certain. mensis, month.
niillus, no. (Null.) con-iunx, husband. (Conju-
con-tingo, touch. (Contact.) gal.)
80 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXVIt
LESSON XXVII.
Personal and Reflexive Pronouns; Double
Accusative.
244. FIRST PERSON.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
K ego, J. nos, we.
G. mei, of me. nostrum or nostri, of us.
D. mihi (mi), to or forme. nobis, to or for us.
Ac. me, me. nos, us.
Ab. me,/rom, ivith^ or by me. nobis,/rom, loith, or by us.
SECOND PERSON.
JST. tu, you. vos, you.
G. tui, of you. vestrum or vestri, of you.
D. tibi, to or for you. vobis, to or for you.
Ac. te, you. vos, you.
Ab. te,from, with, or by you. vobis, /rom, ivith, or by you.
REFLEXIVE PRONOUN.
N
G. sui, of himself herself , itself . sui, of themselves.
D. sibi, to or for hiynself etc. sibi, to or for themselves.
Ac. se or sese, himself etc. se or sese, themselves.
Ab. se or sese, /ro?n, icith, or se or sese, from, with, or by
by himself, etc. themselves.
a. The Eeflexive pronoun refers to the subject of the
sentence, as : Imperator se culpat, The general hlames
himself. The pronouns of the first and second person
may also be used reflexively, as: Ego me culpo, I blame
myself ; vos vos culpatis, You hlavie yourselves.
h. The preposition cum becomes an enclitic when
used with the Personal and Eeflexive pronouns, as :
tecum, nobiscum.
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS. 81
245. DOUBLE ACCUSATIVE.
Romulus urbem Rdmam vocavit, Romulus called the
city Rome.
246. Rule XVII. Verbs of naming, making, choosing,
showing, and the like, may have two Accusatives of the
same person or thing.
PERSEUS ET MEDUSA.
247. Polydectes, rex Seriphi, Danaen, matrem
Persei, in matrimonium sibi petebat. At Perseus
obstabat. Rex tandem iuvenem ad se vocavit.
^' Qtiot annos" inquit ''hic ignavus manebis? Tii es
non iam infans. A latere matris discede, et apud
externas gentis gloriam pete. Ubi Gorgonis Medii-
sae caput abscideris, turn fortem virum te praebebis.''
Sine mora Perseus ad iter paravit. Mediisa autem
cum duabus sororibus in Libya habitabat. Dira mon-
stra erant Gorgones ; nam aureas alas et aeneos ui>
guis habebant. Mediisa olim pulclierrima virgo
fuerat. Sed Minervam laeserat. Qua re Trata, dea
crinis Mediisae in turpis serpentes miitaverat.
248. 1. Show yourselves brave heroes, young men.
2. The maiden will remain abroad two years. 3.
I had sought glory for myself in Africa. 4. We
called the young men to us. 6. The monster has
brazen claws (use the Dative of Possessor').
Sight Translation,
Perseus et Medusa. — Continued.
249. Exinde, si quis ora Mediisae aspexit, proti-
nus in saxum se vertit. Perseus autem Gorgones
82 LATIN BEABEB,— LESSON XXVIL
non temere petivit, sed primum ab immortalibus dels
auxilium oravit. Inde Minerva iuveni nitidum cli-
peum dedit. Harpen, telum curvo hamo, atque talaria
ab Mercuric Perseus accepit. Sic armatus ad oras
Libycas tendit. Mox ad locum venit, ubi Graeae
sedebant. Tribus sororibus erant omnino unus ocu-
lus iinusque dens. Ab Graeis viam ad Hesperidas
quaesTvit Perseus, sed asperum responsum recepit.
Dum auteni unum oculum inter se tradunt, Perseus
suam manum supposuit et oculum subripuit. Turn
denique necessitate, sorores iuveni viam monstrave-
runt.
250. 1. Quis matrem Persei in matrimonium sibi
friistra petebat ? 2. Quid tandem fecit rex ? 8.
Quid Perseo dixit? 4. Qualia monstra erant Gor-
gones? 5. Quo modo olim Minerva Mediisam
puniverat? 6. Quid accidit, si quis ora Mediisae
aspexit? 7. Quid Perseus ab Minerva accepit?
8. Quid ab Mercurio? 9. Quae erant Graeae?
10. Quo modo Perseus Graearum oculum cepit?
ex-inde, thereafter, ac-cipio, receive. (Accept.)
o^, face., feature. (Oral.) or b., shore.
a-spicio, look at. (Aspect.) Libycus, Libyan., African,
pro-tinvLS, forthwith. tendo, hold one^s course, tend.
temere, rashly. (Temerity.) Graeae, the aRAEAE. (See Yo-
immortalis, immortal. cab. )
clipeus, (a round) shield. dens, tooth. (Dentist.)
Harpe, a sickle-shaped sword. Hesperides, guardians of the
hamus, hook. golden apples.
curvus, CURVED, bent. sup-pono, place under.
talaria, winged sandals. sub-ripio, steal away. (Sur-
Mercurius, Mercury, mes- reptitious.)
senger of the gods. necessitas, necessity.
PASSIVE OF FIRST CONJUGATION. 83
QUESTIOJSrS.
251. Decline the Personal Pronouns. Decline the Reflexive.
Translate: We blame ourselves ; they blame themselves; will not
your mother come with you f
LESSON XXVIII.
Voice; Passive of First Conjugation; Ablative of
Agent.
252. There are two voices :
a. The Active voice represents the subject as acting,
as : The dog hit the hoy.
h. The Passive voice represents the subject as acted
upon, as : The boy was hitten hy the dog.
Heretofore, verbs have been given in the Active voice
only.
253. The Personal endings in the Passive voice are
as follows : —
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
-r = J. -mur = we,
-ris or -re = you, -mini = you.
-tur, = he^ she, it -ntur, = they.
254. FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD — PRESENT TENSE.
amo-r, I am loved. ama-mur, we are loved,
ama-ris or -re, you are loved, ama-mini, you are loved.
ama-tur, he is loved, ama-ntur, they are loved.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
ama-ba-r, I was loved. axna-ba-mur, ice were loved,
ama-ba-ris or -re, you were loved, ama-ba-mini, you were loved.
ama-ba-tur, he ivas loved, ama-ba-ntur, they were loved.
84 LATJy nEADKH. -LESSOy XXV III.
VVTIUV: TKXSE.
aiua-bo-r. / shall be loved.
aiua-be-ris or -re, i/ou will be loved.
aiua-bi-tur. he will be loved.
aina-bi-mur, we shall be loved.
ama-bi-niiiii, i/ou will be loved.
ama-bu-utur, thei/ will be loved.
rVAlV\:CT TKXSE.
r«nnv ! Iicasloved
sum,
I / Jiave bee)i loved.
a mat us | \ you were loved.
(^-a, -uuO I ' \ i/ou have bee)i loved.
! ^^. I he was loved.
L ^^ he has been loved.
( \ we were loved.
I sumus, s
( we have been loved.
amati \ i/ou were loved.
^ estis, N *
(-ae, -a) 1 / i/ou have been loved.
sunt,
\ the I/ were loved.
^ they have been loved.
ri-UPKHFECT TEXSE.
f eram, 7 had been loved.
amatus ^ ^^,-^ ^^^^^^^ j^^^^^ ^^^,^,^^ j^^^,^^j^
eratis, i/ou had been loved. ^M
f eramus, we had been loved.
^ eratis, i/ou had been loved.
(-ae, -a') ^^^.^^^^^ fj^^.^^ /^,^^^ ^,^,^,,^ j^,^.^.^i
FUTIKE I'KKl EOT TEXSE.
('ero, I shall have been loved.
ama us ^i ^^.^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^.^^/ jiave been loved.
(-a, -urn) j^^^..^^ j^^^ ^^,.^^ ^^^^^,^, ^^^^^^^ j^^^^^^
f erinius, we shall have been loved.
ama i ^ eritis, you will have been loved.
(-ae, -a) j^ei-^^j^t, they will have been loved.
AliLATIVK OF AGEXT. 85
JMPKJtA'iJVh MOOD — i'iif/'iEST TJCNSE.
ama-re, be thou Weed. ama-mini, 6e ye loved.
yini'RK TKSHK.
ama-tor, thou fihalt he loced,
arna-tor, he shoM he Weed. ama-ntor, they shoM, he Weed.
a. Observe that the ^^r^/^^.-s*^. sif/ns in the Present, Imijer-
fect, aud Future are the same as in the Active voice.
b. In the }^erfect, Pluijerfect, and Future Perfect
tenses, the participle amatus must agree with the sub-
ject of the verb in gender, number, and case, as: pater
amatus est, mater amata est. etc.
c. Notice that the Present Imperative Passive is the
same as the Present Infinitive Active.
d. Notice the irregularities in the First Singular of
the Present Indicative, and in the First and Second
Singular of the Future Indicative.
255. ablatiyp: of agent.
Oppidum a Caesare expugnatum est. The tov:n v:o.h
token by Caesar.
Observe that Caesa^re is in the Ablative with the
I^'Cposition a, and that it denotes the af/ent or persorc by
whom the action was done. Hence it is called the
Ablative of Jf/ent.
256. Rule XVIII. The Ablative with the jjreposition
a or ab is used to denote the Agent after Passive verbs.
Xotp:. — a may be used o /'J;// before words beginning with a con-
sonant; ab before words beginning with a vowel or a consonant.
(Compare the use of a and an in English.)
86 LATIN BEABEB. —LESSON XXVIII.
PERSEUS ET MEDUSA. — Continued.
257. Hand ita multo post Perseus ad pomaria
Hesperidum pervenit. Pulchrae virgines cum in-
somni dracone arborem aureis pomis custodiebant.
Hic quoque Perseus felix fuit. Nam ab virginibus
mira galea donatus est. Quicumque galeam induit,
statim ex oculis evanuit. Nunc denique Perseus ad
certamen cum Gorgonibus paratus est. Mox ad
domos Gorgonum appropinquabat. Passim per
agros et per vias saxea simulacra hominum fera-
rumque yidebat. Nam omnes res a Medusa in saxa
miitatae erant. Perseus autem in nitidum clipeum
inspiciebat. Subito horribilem formam monstri cernit.
258. 1. Be thou changed, frightful monster, into
a stone. 2. The maiden is presented by Perseus
with a golden apple. 3. Will the men have been
prepared for the contests with wild beasts? 4.
The sleepless dragon will watch the golden apples
in the gardens. 5. Men and beasts were every-
where being changed into stones.
Sight Translation,
Perseus et Medusa. — Concluded,
259. Dum gravis somnus tris sorores tenet, Perseus
Mediisae caput fido telo abscidit. Inde celeribus
talaribus avolat. Interea duae reliquae Gorgones
e somno excitantur, atque caedem suae sororis senti-
unt. Omnis in partis circumspectant et mox hostem
cernunt. Sine mora instant. At Perseus miram
galeam induit, atque ita magno periculo statim
ABLATIVE OF AGENT. 87
liberatur. Denique cum capite Gorgonis ad insulam
Seiiphon j)ervenit. HTc matrem in templo invenit,
quo indignitatibus Polydectae fugerat. Inde ad re-
giam Perseus pergit, atque sine mora malum regem
in saxum miitat. Brevi postea Harpen et talaria
Mercurio, galeam Hesperidibus reddidit. Mediisae
caput Minervae dedit. Semper postea dea Gorgonis
caput in medio clipeo gerebat.
260. 1. Quid iiisomnis draco in pomariis Hesperi-
dum custodiebat? 2. Quid Hesperides Perseo
dederunt? 8. Quam ob rem mira fuit galea? 4.
Quid videbat Perseus, ubi ad domos Gorgonum appro-
pinquabat? 5. Ciir Perseus in saxum non miitatus
est? 6. Quo modo Perseus Mediisam caedit? 7.
Quid faciunt duae reliquae Gorgones ? 8. Quo
modo Perseus periculo liberatur? 9. Ubi matrem
invenit? 10. Quo modo malum regem piinivit?
11. Quibus Perseus arma dedit? 12. Ubi semper
postea erat caput Gorgonis ?
QUESTIONS.
261. Distinguish between the Active and Passive voice.
What are the Personal endings in the Passive ? What stems are
used in the Passive ? Give an example of your own of the Abla-
tive of Agent. How does it differ from the Ablative of Means ?
somnus, sleep. (In-somnia.) insula, island. (Insular.)
fidus, trusty. (Fidelity.) qu5, whither.
di-^6\.o,jly away, in-dignitas, indignity.
ex-cito, awake, (Excite.) fugio.^ee. (Fugitive.)
sentio, perceive. (Sense.) pergo, proceed.
circum-spect5, look around, medius, middle of. (Medium.)
insto, pursue, (Instant.)
88
LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXIX.
Inflect paro in all tenses of the Indicative and Imperative Pas-
sive. Translate: mutaberis, niutantor, mutatus eram, muta-
mini, mutata est, mutabaris, mutati erimus; you (plural)
had been changed^ lam changed^ itwill have been changed^ we were
being changed^ you (singular) will be changed^ be ye changed.
LESSON XXIX.
Demonstrative Pronouns, Hic, Ille, and Iste ; Pas-
sive of the Second Conjugation.
262. The Demonstrative pronouns are used to poi7it
out or emphasize an object. They are hIc, iste, ille, is,
idem, and ipse. They may be used alone as pronouns ;
or, like adjectives, they may agree with their nouns in
gender, number, and case.
263.
hie, this.
ille, that.
SINGULAK.
N".
hic
haec
hoc
ille
ilia
illud
G.
huius
illius
D.
huic
illi
Ac.
hunc
hanc
hoc
illumi
illam
illud
Ab.
hoc
hac
hoc
iUo
ilia
illo
PLURAL.
]sr.
hi
hae
haec
illi
illae
ilia
G.
horum
harum
horum
illorum
illarum
illori]
D.
his
illis
Ac.
Ab.
hos
has
his
haec
illos
iUas
illis
ilia
Note. — iste, ista, istud is declined like ille, ilia, illud.
a. hic, this (near me), is called the Demonstrative of
the First person, as : hic liber, this book.
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 89
b. iste, that (of yours), is called the Demonstrative of
the Second person, as : iste liber, that book of yours. It
often implies contempt.
c. ille, that (yonder, near him), is called the Demon-
strative of the Third person, as : ille liber, that book
yonder.
d. When hic and ille are contrasted, ille usually de-
notes the former, and hic the latter.
264. SECOXD COXJUGATIOX PASSIVE VOICE.
i:n^dicative mood.
present. imperfect.
I am warned, I was warned.
moneo-r mone-mur mone-ba-r mone-ba-mur
mone-ris or -re mone-mini mone-ba-ris or re mone-ba-niini
mone-tur mone-ntur mone-ba-tur mone-ba-ntur
FUTURE.
I shall be warned.
mone-bo-r mone-bi-mur
mone-be-ris or -re mone-bi-mini
mone-bi-tur mone-bu-ntur
PERFECT.
I was warned or I have been warned.
( sum ( sumus
monitus ^^^ momti K^tis
(-a, -urn) 1^^^ (-ae,-a)(sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had been warned.
( eram ( eramus
monitus Kras '^«'^''^ J eratis
(-^'-^°^)(erat ("^^' "*) ( erant
90 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXIX.
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been warned.
( ero ( erim
monitus ' ^^ moniti ) .. .
erimus
eritis
(-^'-"°i)(erit C-'^^'-'^) (erunt
IMPERATIVE MOOD. '
PRESENT. FUTURE.
mone-re mone-mini mone-tor
mone-tor mone-ntor
ARION ET DELPHrNUS.
265. Clarissimi vates antiquitatis fueruiit Orpheus
et Aiion. Ex his, ille Thracius, hie Lesbius fuit.
De Aiione haec res adhuc memoria tenetur: Apud
Periandrum, regem Corinthi, Arioii multos annos
habitabat. Aliquando in Siciliam transmisit. Ubique
reges principesque dulcedine carminum Arionis de-
lectabantur. Denique multis pretiosis donis onustus
navem conscendit, et Graeciam repetebat. Nautae
autem avari erant, atque Arioni mortem struebant.
Vates illorum maha consilia sentit et misericordiam
implorat sed frustra. Denique extremam veniam
orat atque impetrat. Protinus splendidam vestem
induit, et lyram sumit.
266. 1. These things had been remembered by the
wicked princes many years. 2. The avaricious
king will have been delighted with that costly gift
(of yours). 3. I will embark immediately and
return to Sicily. 4. The former implored pity in
vain, the latter obtained his request. 5. Are the
songs of Arion still remembered in Greece ?
DEMONSTRATIVE P BONO UN S,
91
Sight Translation. Arion et Delphinus. — Concluded,
267. Inde Aiion in puppi navis lyra canit. Totum
mare cantu vatis sonat. Mox multi delphmi circum
navem congregantur. Protinus Arion ornatus in
medias undas desilit. Turn unus ex delphinis Arioni
curvum tergum supponit atque novum onus vehit.
Vates autem incolumis in illius tergo sedet, tenetque
lyram, et cantu undas mulcet. Sic magna cum cele-
ritate delphinus Aiionem ad Taenarum vehit. Inde
Arion ad Periandrum contendit et omnis res narravit.
Brevi postea mail nautae ad urbem Corinthum perve-
nerunt. Sine mora ad regem vocati sunt. Primum
de Arione mendacia dixerunt. Sed ubi rex vatem
advocavit perturbati sunt, atque mox poenam iustam
solverunt.
268. 1. Qui fuerunt clarissimi vates antiquitatis ?
2. Ubi habitabat Arion ? 3. A quibus multa dona
aliquando accepit? 4. Qui Arioni mortem strue-
bant? 5. Quid fecit vates? 6. Qui circum
puppis, stern.
cano, play.
cantus, singing. (Chant.)
son5, r-e-souND.
circum, around.
con-grego, assemble. (Con-
gregation.)
ornatus, ad-ORNED, dressed.
novus, strange., new.
veho, carry. (Vehicle.)
in-columis, safe., unharmed.
mulceo, soothe.
Taenarus, a promontory of
Greece.
con-tendo, hasten. (Con-
tend.)
mendacium, falsehood, lie.
(Mendacity.)
ad-voco, call to. (Advo-
cate. )
per-turbo, confuse. (Per-
turbation.)
iustus, JUST, deserved.
solvbfpay. (Solve.)
92
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXX.
navem congregaiitur ? 7. Quo modo unus ex del-
phinis Aiioni auxilium dedit? 8. Quo delphinus
vatem vehit ? 9. Ad quern Aiion contendit ? 10.
Ubi nautae ad regem vocati sunt, quid de Aiione
dixerunt? 11. Quid accidit ubi Aiionem vide-
runt?
QUESTIONS.
269. In what two w^ays may Demonstrative pronouns be
used? Decline together: hie vir; haec res; hoc donum; ille
rex; ista civitas; iUud mare. Distinguish between hie, ille,
and iste. Inflect doceo in all tenses of the Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. Translate : doetae eritis, doeeor, doeebitur,
doeti erant, doeeniini, docebamur, doeere, doetus es ; we
are taught^ they shall be taught^ you (singular) had been taught,
I was being taught, she has been taught.
LESSON XXX.
Demonstrative Pronouns — Is, Idem and
Passive of the Third Conjugation.
Ipse ;
f
<<
J70.
is,
this, that.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.
is
ea
id
ei (ii)
eae
ea
G.
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
D.
ei
eis (iis)
Ac.
eum
earn
id
eos
eas
ea
Ab.
eo
ea
eo
eis (iis)
idem, the same.
N.
idem
eadem
idem
eidem
eaedem
eadem
(iidem)
G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
D. eidem eisdem (iisdem)
Ac. eundemeaiidemidem eosdem easdem eadem
Ab. eodemt eadem eodem eisdem (iisdem)
DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.
93
ipsum ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsis
ipsorum
ipsum ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
ipso
ipsis
ipse, self,
N". ipse ipsa
G. ipsius
D. ipsi
Ac. ipsum ipsam
Ab. ipso ipsa
a. Is is not as forcible as hio or ille. It is frequently
used as a pronoun of the Third person^ meaning he,
she, it,
b. Notice that idem = is + dem (a demonstrative
suffix).
Observe the change of m to n before d.
G, Ipse adds emphasis to a noun or pronoun, as :
vir ipse, the man himself.
271. THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
I am ruled. I was ruled.
rego-r regi-mur rege-ba-r rege-ba-mur
rege-ris or re regi-mini rege-ba-ris or re rege-ba-mini
regi-tur regu-ntur rege-ba-tur rege-ba-ntur
FUTURE.
I shall be ruled,
reg-a-r reg-e-mur
PERFECT.
I was ruled or I have been ruled.
' sum i sumus
reff-e-ris or re reff-e-mini , x -< ®^ , s •\ estis
^ (-a, -um) ] ^. (-ae, -a) ]
2f-e-ntur ^ ' M ®^* ( sunt
rectus
reg-e-tur
reg-(
PLUPERFECT.
I had been ruled.
rectus
(-a, -um)
94 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XXX.
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have been ruled.
_ , ( ero _ _ C erimus
rectus \ . recti \
J ens J eritis
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. FUTURE.
rege-re regi-mini regi-tor
regi-tor regu-ntor
DOMUS ROMANA.
272. Vestibulum domus Romanae erat vacuus locus
ante ianuam. Per id vestibulum erat aditus a via ad
domum. lanua ipsa erat lignea ; at postes saepe
erant e marmore. In limine plerumque erat verbum
''Salve " in pavimento tessellato. Interior domus in
tiis partis dividebatur. Earum prima pars appellata
est atrium. In medio tecto eius partis, liicis et aeris
causa, apertum spatium relTctum est. Pluvia per
eundem locum in impluvium descendit. Supellex
erat exigua ; at parietes pulchiis statuis pictiirisque
ornabantur. In atrio, dominus amicis et clientibus
aditum dabat.
273. 1. That space had been left in the wall on
account of a door. 2. The atrium will be in the
same part of the house. 3. Roman houses are
divided into these three parts. 4. Have not the
doors themselves been left open ? 5. The roofs of
Roman houses were divided into the same parts.
DEMON STB ATIVE PRONOUNS, 95
Sight Translation. Domus Eomana. — Concluded.
274. Ab utroque latere atri erant nocturna et
diurna cubicula familiae hospitibusque. Locus prox-
imus atrio appellatus est tablinum. Hic tabulae
familiares condebantur ; et in eodem loco dominus
pecuniam servabat atque suum opus faciebat. Utrim-
que fauces ab atrio ad peristylum, tertiam partem
domus, ducebant. In peristylo pulcher hortus atque
fons columnis marraoreis includebantur. Ubi vela
pro tablino reducta sunt, tota domus, — atrium,
deinde tablinum, mox pulchrum peristylum, — iinum
in conspectum venit. Peristylo adiacebant triclinia,
cubicula, et celiac omnis generis. Superior domus
servorum et libertorum iisibus detinebatur.
275. 1. Ubi erat vestibulum domiis Romanae?
2. Quid plerumque in limine erat? 3. In quot
uter-que, each (of two). tertius, third. (Tertiary.)
nocturnus, for the night. marmoreus, of maeble.
(Nocturnal.) in-cludo, enclose, i:n^clude.
diurnus, /or the day. (Diur- velum, curtain. (Veil.)
nal.) re-duco, draio hack. (Re-
familia, family. duce.)
hospes, guest, (Hospitality.) unus, one. (Unit.)
proximus, nearest. (Ap- con-spectus, view.
proximate.) ad-iaceo, adjoin, he adjacent.
tablinum, the tablinum. triclinium, dining-room.
tabulae, records. (Tables.) cella, store-room. (Cellar.)
familiaris, of the family. SM^exior, upper part of . (Su-
( Familiar.) perior.)
peciinia, ??2onez/. (Pecuniary.) \l'bextMS,f reed-man. (Liberty.)
utrimque, on hoth sides. iisus, use.
fauces, passages. de-tineo, reserve. (Detain.)
peri-stylum, the pekistyle.
96
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXL
partis interior domus dividebatur ? 4. Quid prima
pars appellata est? 5. Ubi erat impluviiim? 6.
Quo modo atrium ornabatur ? 7. Ubi erant cubi-
cula familiae hospitibusque ? 8. Ubi erat tabli-
num? 9, Quid erat tertia pars domus? 10.
Quibus superior domus detinebatur.
QUESTioisrs.
276. In what two ways may this thing be translated ? ( JLns.
[1] Ea res, [2] id.) Decline together: ea res ; idem consilium ;
tu ipse. Inflect divido in all tenses of the Indicative and Im-
perative Passive. Translate: relinquemini, relinquitur, relicti
sumus, relinquuntur, relicta eram, relinquebaris ; it has been
left, I shall he left, you (plural) will have been left, these things
were being left, you (singular) are left.
LESSON XXXI.
Relative, Interrogative, and Indefinite Pronouns ;
Passive of Fourth Conjugation.
!77.
qui,
ivho.
ivhich.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
,N.
qui
quae quod
qui quae quae
G.
ciiius
quorum quarum quorum
D.
GUI
quibus
Ac.
quem
quam quod
quos quas quae
Ab.
quo
qua quo
quibus
278. IXTERROGATIYE PRONOUN,
quis, ivho f which f what f
N. quis (qui) quae quid (quod) qui quae quae
G. ciiius quorum quarum quorum
D. GUI quibus
Ac. quem quam quid (quod) quos quas quae
Ab. quo qua quo quibus
RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 97
279. INDEFINITE PPvONOUKS.
1. aliquis (-qui), aliqua, aliquid (-quod), some one, any
one, some, any.
2. quis (qui), quae, quid (quod), some one, any one,
some, amy.
3. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), certain one,
certain.
4. quisque, quaque, quidque (quodque), each one, every.
5. quisquam, , quidquam (no plural)^ ctny one.
a. In the Interrogative and Indefinite pronouns^ the
forms quis and quid are generally used as nouns, the
forms qui and quod as adjectives, thus: Quis scribit?
Who is writing ? Qui puer scribit ? What boy is ivrit-
ing ? This is also true of compounds of quis.
h. The compounds are declined like the simple pro-
nouns, except that in quidam, m changes to n before d,
as : quendam. Aliquis has aliqua in the Feminine Nomi-
native Singular, and also in the Neuter Nominative and
Accusative Plural.
c. The Indefinite pronoun quis is chiefly used with si,
nisi, ne, and num, and then means any one, any.
280. USE OF THE RELATIVE PROXOU^.
1. Tu, qui epistulam scripsisti, poenas solves. You,
■who wrote the letter, shall pay the penalty .
2. Mulier, quam defenderam, mea mater fuit. The
ivoman, -whom / had defended, luas my mother.
In the first example, observe that the Eelative pro-
noun qui agrees with its antecedent (the word to which
it refers) in gender, number, and person. For qui is
98 LATIN REABEB.— LESSON XXXL
Masculine in form, and it is followed by its verb scrip-
sisti in the Second person and Singular number.
In like manner, observe that quam in the second ex-
ample agrees with mulier in being Feminine Third Singu-
lar. But notice that in both examples the case of the
pronoun is not determined by the case of its antece-
dent, but by its relation to the other words in the clause
in which it stands. For qui, as the subject of scripsisti,
is in the Nominative case ; while quam, as the object of
defenderam, is in the Accusative case.
281. Rule XIX. A Eelative pronoun agrees with its
antecedent in gender, number, and person ; but its case
depends on the construction of the clause in which it
stands.
282. FOUKTH CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT. IMPEKFECT.
I am heard. I was heard,
audio-r audi-mur audie-ba-r audie-ba-mur
audi-ris or re audi-mini audie-ba-ris or re audie-ba-mini
audi-tur audiu-ntur audie-ba-tur audie-ba-ntur
FUTUPE. PERFECT.
I shall he heard. I was heard or I have been heard.
audi-a-r audi-e-mur ( sum ,_,. ( sumus
audi-e-ris or re andi-e-mini ^^^^^^^ 3 es ^^^^'^ ^ ] estis
audi-e-tur audi-e-ntur *^'^' '^"^^ ( est ^"^^' '^^ ( sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had been heard.
( eram
auditus J ^^-g audit!
(-a,-um)1 ^^^ (.ae,-a)
RELATIVE AND INDEFINITE P BO NOUNS. 99
FUTURE PEKFECT.
I shall have been heard.
,-, ( ero ,-,- ( erimus
auditus A auditi )
. -^ eris . ^ < eritis
(-a, -um) ) (-ae, -a) j
^ ' ^ ( erit ( e^^^t
IMPEEATIYE MOOD.
PKESEXT. FUTUEE.
audi-re audi-mini audi-tor
audi-tor audiu-ntor
OBSIDlS VEIORUM.
283. Post proelium ad lacum Regillum, Romani
cum finitimis oppidis multa bella gerebant ; quorum
clarissimum est obsidio Veiorum. Id oppidum et
natura loci et manu egregie munitum est. Decern
annos Romani eius moenia obsidebant, sed frustra.
Denique mirum prodigium evenit, quod animos om-
nium magnopere perturbavit. Nam aqua in lacu
Albano in altitiidinem insolitam crevit, atque finiti-
mos agros inundavit. Deinde yates quidam Veiens
sic cecinit : " Numquam Romani Veios expugnabunt,
priusquam aqua ex lacu Albano emissa erit.'' Le-
gati ab Romanis ad oraculum Delphicum missi sunt.
Quibus a deo sic responsum est : "• Si aqua ex lacu
Albano in mare influet, Veios non occupabitis."
284. 1. The Romans have taken the town, whose
walls they have besieged for ten years. 2. If any
water is (shall have been) let out of the Alban Lake,
Veil will never be captured. 3. Some of the neigh-
boring towns are admirably fortified. 4. What god
100 LATIN BEABER,— LESSON XXXL
responded thus to the ambassadors ? 5. Wonderful
prodigies had happened, which disturbed the minds
of certain Roman seers.
Sight Translation, Obsidio Veiorum. — Concluded,
285. Haud ita multo post ex lacii in agros aqua
emissa est. Deinde M. Furius Camillus dictator
creatus est atque mox magno cum exercitrL in castra
Romanorum venit. Protinus milites ad magnum
opus ducti sunt. Nam cunTculus ab castris in arcem
hostium inceptus est. Neque nocte neque die opus
intermissum est. Denique paene peractum est in
templum lunonis, quod in arce Veientana erat. Quo
in templo forte rex Veientium hostiam immolabat.
CuT hariispex sic dicit : '' Qui eius hostiae exta in
aras imponet, ei A^ictoria dabitur." Quam vocem
Roman! in cuniculo exaudiunt. Sine mora cunicu-
lum adaperiunt, in templum erumpunt, exta rapiunt
feruntque ad dictatorem. Mox urbs Romanis militi-
bus impletur. Magna est caedes omnibus in locis.
Sic Roman! Veios occupaverunt.
ciiniculus, mine. im-mol6, sacrijice, (Immo-
in-cipio, begin, (Inception.) late.)
inter-mitto, interrupt, (In- haruspex, soothsayer^ diviner .
termittent.) exta, entrails,
paene, almost . (Pen-insula.) ara, altar.
per-ago, carry through, ad-aperio, throw open,
luno, Juno, wife and sister of e-rump6, burst out. (Erup-
Jupiter. tion.)
Veientanus, Yeientian, of rapio, seize. (Rapine.)
Veil, fero, bear^ carry.
hostia, victim, im-pleo, Jill, fill up.
BEGULAE COMPARISON. 101
286. 1. Quot annos Roman! Veios obsidebant?
2. Delude quod prodigium evenit? 3. Quid vates
quidam Veiens cecinit? 4. Quo Roman! legatos
m!serunt? 5. Quid deus legat!s respondit? 6.
Quis dictator creatus est? 7. Quod magnum opus
dictator incepit ? 8. Ubi erat templum lunonis ?
9. Quis in hoc templo hostiam immolabat ? 10.
Quid d!cit hariispex reg! ? 11. Qu! hariispicis vocem
exaudiunt ? 12. Quid Roman! nnlites faciunt }
QUESTIOlSrS.
287. Decline qui ; quis. What is the meaning of quidam,
quisquam, aliquis, quisque, quis ? Illustrate the use of the
two forms found in quis and its compounds. What irregularity-
occurs in the declension of quidam ? of aliquis ? How is quis
chiefly used ? Illustrate the rule for the use of the Kelative pro-
noun. Inflect munio in all tenses of the Indicative and Impera-
tive Passive. Translate: audita erant, audior, audimini,
audita est, auditor, auditi sumus ; I was heard, you have been
heard, be thou heard, we have been heard, he will be heard.
LESSON XXXII.
Regular Comparison ; Declension of Comparatives ;
Ablative with Comparatives.
288. Adjectives undergo a change in form in order
to express different degrees of quality. Thus in Eng-
lish we say : a tall tree, a taller tree, the tallest tree ;
i.e., starting with the simple adjective, — which is said
to be in the positive degree, — we add -er to form the
comparative degree, and -est to form the superlative de-
gree^ as :
102 LATIN BEADEB. —LESSON XXXIL
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
tall, taller^ tallest,
Now observe the Latin :
289. REGULAR COMPARISON.
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE.
latus {stejii lato-), latior, -ius, latissimus, -a, -um,
wide. wider. widest.
fortis {stem forti-), fortior, -ius, fortissimus, -a, -um,
brave. braver. bravest.
audax (stem audac-), audacior, -ius, audacissimus, -a, -um,
bold. bolder. boldest.
sapiens (stem sapient-), sapientior, -ius, sapientissimus, -a, -um,
wise. wiser. wisest.
a. Observe that the comparative is formed by adding
-ior, -ius, to the stem of the adjective, and the superla-
tive by adding -issimus, -a, -um, dropping the final vowel
of the stem, if there is any.
b. Compare gravis, heavy ^ atrox, fierce^ longus, long^
prudens, prudent, felix, happy, altus, high, levis, light.
290. In English, when it would not sound well to
compare the adjective by adding -er and -est, we prefix
the adverbs move and most, as: beautiful, more beauti-
ful, most beautiful. Likewise in Latin some adjectives
are compared by prefixing the adverbs magis, more, and
maxime, most, as : idoneus, suitable, magis idoneus, more
suitable, maxime idoneus, most suitable.
291. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES.
latior, wider, plus, more.
Stem latior». Stem plur-.
REG ULAR COMPARISON.
103
^.
SINGULAK.
MASC. and fem. neuter.
latior latius
latioris
latiori
latiorem latius
latiore or-i
MASC.
and
FEM.
NEUTER.
plus
a.
pluris
T).
Ao.
plus
Ab.
plure
PLUKAL.
N. latiores latiora
G. latiorum
D. latioribus
Ac. Iati5res (-is) latiora
Ab. latioribus
pltires plura
plurium
pluribus
pluris (-es) plura
pluribus
a. Comparatives are declined like latior. Notice how
closely the declension of comparatives resembles that of
consonant stems, differing in this respect from other
adjectives of the Third Declension. See § 219, a.
h. Superlatives are declined like bonus,
c. The comparative may sometimes be translated
rather^ as : Durior iiidex erat, He was a rather severe
judge.
d. The superlative may sometimes be translated very^
as : Durissimus iudex erat, He was a very severe judge.
292. ABLATIVE WITH COMPARATIVES.
1. Caesar erat fortior quain Cicero, Caesar ivas
braver than Cicero.
2. Caesar erat fortior Cicerone, Caesar was braver
than Cicero.
104 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXIL
Notice that in the first example^ where quam (than) is
used, Cicero is in the same case as Caesar, the word with
which it is compared. But in the second example, where
quam is omitted, Cicerone is in the Ablative case.
293. Rule XX. The comparative degree is followed
by the Ablative when quam is omitted.
Note. — Quam may be omitted only when the first of the com-
pared words is either in the Nominative or Accusative case.
THESEUS.
294. Theseus a sua niatre in urbe Troezene educa-
tus est. Nam, ubi etiam parvolus erat, eius pater
Aegeus, qui imperium Athenarum habuit, uxorem
deseruerat et suum regnum repetiverat. Primo The-
seus liidicris certaminibus vires auxit. Mox erat
validior ceteris iuvenibus eiusdem aetatis. Delude
in venatione saltus peragrabat. Semper princeps in
periculo erat atque fortissimus armis. Nemo ex om-
nibus Argolicis iuvenibus iaculo levibusque sagittis
celerior erat. Compliiris feras occidit, sed maxime
saevissimam suem, quae agros diii vastabat. lam no-
men These! per totam terrain Argolicam clarissimum
erat.
295. 1. This young man will be braver than his
father. 2. Several very fierce wild beasts had been
slain by Theseus. 3. Are not the young man's ar-
rows rather light? 4. These young men were most
famous throughout the kingdom. 5. Was there any
one braver in danger than Theseus ?
REGULAR COMPARISON. 105
Sight Translation, Theseus. — Contijiued.
296. Tandem mater These! eum ad se vocavit, atque
patris gladium soleasque ei ostendit. '' Sume, mi fill,"
inquit ''haec monumenta, et tuum patrem pete, quem
ill urbe Athenis reperie.s. Peiiculosa et a latronibus
infesta est via. Tamen del te incolumem per omnia
perTcula ad tuum patrem ducent." Iiide Theseus
maestus matrem suam reliquit, atque mox ad Atti-
cain contendebat. Quo in itinere prope Epidaurum
obviam venit cuTdam saevissimo latroni, Periphetae
nomine, qui ferrea clava viatores occidebat. At The-
seus de eius manibus clavam extorsit, et ipsTus telo
eum occTdit.
297. 1. Cur Theseus a sua matre educatus est?
2. Quo modo vires auxit? 3. Num quis fuit ex
ArgolicTs iuvenibus fortior quam Theseus? 4. Quid
in venatione occTdit Theseus ? 5. Quae monumenta
pater eius reliquerat? 6. Ubi habitabat pater
These! ? 7. Quam ob rem erat via ad Atticam
peiiculosa ? 8. Cu! Theseus obviam venit prope
Epidaurum? 9. Quo modo Theseus latronem oc-
c!dit?
solea, sandal. (Sole.) ob-viam, in the loay (to). (Ob-
monumentum, remembrance. vious.)
periculosus, dangerous^ per- Periphetes, a robber.
ILOUS. ferreus, iro7i.
latro, robber. clava, club.
in-festus, made unsafe, in- viator, traveller.
TESTED. ex-torqueo, twist out. (Ex-
Attica, a province of Greece. tort.)
Epidauru.s, a city of Argolis.
106
LATIN BEABEB.
■LESSON XXXIIL
QUESTIONS.
298. How are adjectives regularly compared in Latin ? De-
cline plus. Decline together audacior servus ; fortior femina ;
gravius bellum ; saevissimus leo. How may the Comparative
sometimes be translated ? The Superlative ? State and illustrate
the rule for the Ablative with Comparatives. Translate in two
ways : *' Wlio was braver than Caesar ? " When may quam be
omitted ?
LESSON XXXIII.
Irregular Comparison ; Ablative of Degree of
Difference.
299.
ADJECTIVES IN -ER.
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.
miser (stem misero-), miserior, -ius,
wretched. more wretched.
acer {stem aeri-), acrior, -ius,
sharp, sharper.
SUPERLATIVE.
miserrimus, -a, -um,
most wretched.
acerrimus, -a, -um,
sharpest.
Observe that adjectives in -er form the Superlative by
adding -rimus, -a, -um to the Masculine Nominative Sin-
gular. Compare celer, swift, pulcher, beautiful, asper,
rough
300.
POSITIVE.
facilis, easy.
difficilis, difficult.
similis, like.
dissimilis, unlike.
gracilis, slender.
luimilis, low.
ADJECTIVES IN -LIS.
COMPARATIVE.
facilior, -ius.
difficilior, -ius.
similior, -ius.
dissimilior, -ius.
gracilior, -ius.
humilior, -ius.
SUPERLATIVE.
facillimus, -a, -um.
difficillimus, -a, -um.
simillimus, -a, -um.
dissimillimus, -a, -um.
gracillimus, -a, -um..
liumillimus, -a, -um.
IBBEGULAli COMPARISON.
107
Observe that these six adjectives in -lis form the su-
perlative by adding -limus, -a, -um, to the stem minus the
stem voAvel.
301. ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPEKLATIVE.
POSITIVE.
COMPARATIVE.
SUPERLATIVE.
exterus,
exterior,
extremus, extimus,
outward.
outer.
outmost.
inferus,
inferior,
infimus, imus,
low.
lower.
lowest.
posterus,
posterior,
postremus, postumus,
following.
later.
last.
superus,
superior,
supremus, summus,
upper.
higher.
top of, highest.
302.
ADJECTIVES WITH NO POSITIVE.
[cis, oitra.
citerior.
citimus,
adv., on this side.]
hither.
hither most.
[in, intra.
interior,
intimus,
prep., in, within.]
inner.
inmost.
[prae, pro.
prior,
primus,
prep., before.]
former.
first.
[prope,
propior,
proximus,
adv., near.]
nearer.
next.
[ultra.
ulterior,
ultimus,
adv., beyond.]
farther.
farthest.
303. ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR THROUGHOUT.
bonus, good.
malus, bad.
magnus, great.
parvus, small.
multus, much.
multi, many.
melior, better.
peior, worse.
maior, greater.
minor, smaller.
plures, more.
optimus, best.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
minimus, smallest.
plus, more. plurimus, most.
plurimi, inost.
108 LATIN READER.— LESSON XXXIIL
304. ABLATIVE OF DEGREE OF DIFFEREKCE.
1. Arbor sex pedibus altior est quam turris. The
tree-is (by) six feet higher than the toioer.
2. Crassus multd divitior erat Caesare. Crassits was
(by) much richer than Caesar.
In the first example, the Ablative sex pedibus exactly
expresses the difference between the height of the tree
and that of the tower. In the second example, the
Ablative multd is an indefinite expression of the differ-
ence between the wealth of Crassus and that of Caesar.
Such ablatives are called Ablatives of Degree of Dif-
ference.
305. Rule XXI. The Ablative is used to express the
Degree of Difference.
THESEUS ET LATRONES.
306. Panels post diebus Theseus in extremum perT-
culum venit. lam ad Isthmum appropTnquabat. Hic
propter angnstias difficillimum erat iter. Utraque ex
parte erant riipes altissinme et asperrimae. Mox The-
seus ante vastum specum latronem, Sinim nomine,
vidit, de quo incolae terrae eum saepe numero prae-
monuerant. Hic multo gravior hostis erat quam
Periphetes. Hic enim duas proceras piniis ad terram
curvabat, ad quas incautos viatores adligabat. De-
lude, ubi subito arbores solvit, corpora infelicum
hominum divellebantur. Hoc modo iam pliirimos
viatores necaverat.
307. 1. You will not see a much more formidable
robber than Sinis. 2. Are not the roads to the
IBBEGVLAR COMPARISON. 109
Isthmus very rough and difficult? 3. A few days
afterwards, the unfortunate traveller approached the
robbers' cave, and was killed. 4. Are these trees
taller than the pine ? 6. This road to the caves is
much more difficult than that.
Sight Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Con-
tinued.
308. Ubi Sinis procul Thesea vidit, primo iuve-
nem inrisit. Interritus autem Theseus in hostem
invasit. Acerrima erat piigna. Denique Sinis defes-
sus occidit. Tum Theseus ad duas piniis monstrum
ipsum adligavit. Mox divolsum est Sinis corpus
eodem modo, quo tot viatores ab eo ipso necati erant.
Inde Theseus ad urbem Megaram contendit. Quo
in itinere angusta semita in altum montem ducebat.
A dextra erat abrupta riipes magna altitiidine. Hlc
latebat latro, Sciron nomine, qui primum viatores
spoliabat ; deinde, dum hi eius pedes lavabant, ipsos
praecipites ad imam rupem deiciebat. Infra ingens
testiido eorum corpora devorabat.
in-rideo, laugh at. (De-ride.) ab-ruptus, precipitous. (Ab-
in-vado, advance upon. (In- rupt.)
vade.) lateo, lurk. (Latent.)
di-fessus, tired out, ex- spolio, ro6. (De-spoil.)
hausted. lavo, wash. (Lave.)
tot, so many. prae-ceps, headlong. (Pre-
Megara, a town in Megaris. cipitous.)
angustus, narrow. de-icio, hurl down. (Deject.)
semita, foot-path. infra, below.
altus, high, (Altitude.) testudo, tortoise.
110 LATIN READER. — LESSOJS^ XXXIV.
309. 1. Ubi Theseus in extremum peiiculum venit?
2. Quam ob rem erat iter difficillimum ? 3. Ubi
Theseus hatronem vidit? 4. Quo modo Sinis via-
tores necabat ? 5. Nonne Theseus latronem timuit ?
6. Quo modo Theseus Sinim necavit ? 7. Ubi late-
bat Sciron? 7. Quo modo viatores necabat? 9.
Quae eorum corpora devorabat ?
QUESTIONS.
310. Compare in Latin and English : imus, niaior, primus,
niultus, miser, summus, citerior, bonus, proximus, similis,
minor, extremus, acer, postremus, interior, malus, ulterior,
plurimi. What adjectives have -limus in the superlative ? Give
an example of your own of the Ablative of Degree of Difference.
Give a synopsis, Active and Passive, of duoo.
LESSON XXXIV.
Formation and Comparison of Adverbs ; G-enitive
and Ablative of Characteristic.
311.
a. latus {stem lato-), wide, late, widely.
pulcher {stem pulchro-), beautiful. pulchre, beautifully.
Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of
the Second Declension by changing the final -o of the
stem to -e.
6. gravis {stem gravi-), heavy. graviter, heavily.
acer {stem acri-), sharp. acriter, sharply.
priidens {stem prudent-), prudent, prudenter, prudently.
Observe that adverbs are formed from adjectives of
the Third Declension by adding -ter to the stem. Stems
in -nt drop -t before adding -ter.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. Ill
c. (1). multus, much.
(2). facilis, easy.
(3). subitus, sudden.
multum, much.
facile, easily.
subito, suddenly.
The i^euter Accusative Singular of the adjective is
sometimes used as an adverb^ as in examples (1) and
(2). Likewise the Ablative^ as in example (3).
312. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.
late, widely. latius, more loidely.
graviter, heavily. gravius, more heav-
ily.
SUPEPvLATIVE.
latissime, most
widely.
gravissime, most
heavily.
j^otice that the comparative of the adverb is the same
as the Neuter comparative of the adjective. The super-
lative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of
the adjective by changing the final -o of the stem to -e.
If the adjective is irregular, the adverb will show the
same irregularities. Learn the following :
313.
COMPARISON OF IRREGULAR ADVERBS.
bene, well.
male, ill.
multum, much.
parum, not enough.
melius, better.
peius, worse.
plus, more.
magis, more.
minus, less.
optime, best.
pessime, worst.
plurimum, most.
maxime, most.
minime, least.
314.
GENITIVE AND ABLATIVE OF CHARACTERISTIC.
1. Vir magna e virtutis. A man of great valor.
2. Vir fuit humili statura. He ivas a man of short
stature.
Observe that^ in the first example, virtutis is in the
Genitive, and that, in connection with the adjective
112 LATIN READER. —LESSON XXXIV.
magnae, it expresses a characteristic or quality of the
man. But notice that^ in the second example, 2^ jphysi-
cal characteristic or quality is expressed by staturE, with
an accompanying adjective, in the Ablative case. Physi-
cal characteristics are always thus expressed by the
Ablative. Other qualities by either the Genitive or
Ablative.
315. Rule XXII. The Genitive and Ablative are
used, with a modifying adjective, to denote a charac-
teristic or quality.
THESEUS ET LATKONES.
316. Sciron erat ingenti magnitudine corporis
atque terribili aspectii. In quern tamen Theseus
cum ferro audacissime invasit. Diu atque acriter
pugnatum est. Denique Sciron supplex misericor-
diam implorat. Sed Theseus latronem ad imam
rupem demittit eodem modo, quo ille multos yiatores
tam crudeliter necaverat. Qua ex re nomen Sci-
ronis erat scopulTs.
Hand ita multo post Theseus in Atticam pervenit,
atque ibi Cercyonem luctamiiie vicit necavitque. Sic
Theseus perditis hominibus latronibusque omnis
generis liberabat omnis terras, per quas in itinere
contendebat.
317. 1. The travellers had been hurled down to
the bottom of the cliffs. 2. Sciron killed travellers
much more cruelly than Cercyon. 8. Theseus
used to attack robbers of every kind most fiercely.
FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS. 113
4. Are not robbers men of frightful appearance?
5. The land, through which Theseus is hastening,
will be freed from many desperate robbers.
Si^ht Translation. Theseus et Latrones. — Concluded.
318. lam Theseus ad ipsam urbem Athenas appro-
pinquabat, ubi in ripa Cephisi in magnum perTculum
capitis venit. Hic enim Procrustes habitabat, qui in
suam regiam turrim incautos viatores diicebat, atque
eos primo magnifice accipiebat. Ubi autem nox ve-
nit, in mirum lectum infelicem hospitem imponebat.
Turn, SI hospes longior erat quam lectus, illius mem-
bra satis praecidebat. Si viator brevior erat lecto,
tum Procrustes eius corpus in longitiidinem lectT dis-
tendebat. Hoc modo multos annos viatores necaverat.
Sed Theseus victor latronem in ipsius lectum impo-
suit, atque eius caput praecidit. BrevT postea The-
seus incolumis ad portam Athenarum pervenit.
319. 1. Num ScTron erat vir humili statura? 2.
Quo modo Theseus Scironem necavit? 3. Quern
deinde Theseus in Attica necavit ? 4. Ubi in mag-
num periculum capitis venit ? 5. Quo modo Pro-
crustes primo incautum viatorem accipiebat? 6.
Ubi nox venit, quid faciebat Procrustes ? 7. Neca-
rlpB., hank. satis, sufficiently. (Satisfy.)
Cephisus, a river near Athens, longitude, length. (Longi-
regius, royal. (Regal.) tude.)
lectus, bed. dis-tendo, stretch., distend.
membrum, limb., member.
114
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV,
vitne Theseus Procrusten ?
incolumis pervenit?
8. Ubi brevi postea
QUESTionsrs.
320. How are adverbs formed from adjectives of the Second
Declension ? Of the Third Declension ? What cases of adjec-
tives are sometimes used as adverbs ? How are adverbs com-
pared ? Form and compare adverbs from the following adjectives:
acer, facilis, nialus, latus, multus, gravis, parvus, pulcher,
bonus, prudens. Explain the use of the Genitive and Ablative
of Characteristic. Decline is. Give a synopsis of moveo.
LESSON XXXV.
Numerals ; Partitive G-enitive ; Nine Irregular
Adjectives.
321
•
CARDINALS.
ORDINALS.
1.
unus, una, tinum, one.
primus, first.
2.
duo, duae, duo, tioo.
secundus, second.
3.
tres, tria, three.
tertius, third.
4.
quattuor
quartus
5.
quinque
quintus
6.
sex
sextus
7.
septem
Septimus
8.
octo
octavus
9.
novem
nonus
10.
decern
decimus
11.
undecim
undecimus
12.
duodecim
duodecimus
13.
tredecim
tertius decimus
14.
quattuordeoim
quartus decimus
15.
quindecim
quintus decimus
16.
sedecim
sextus decimus
17.
septendecim
Septimus decimus
18.
duodeviginti
duodevlcesimus
19.
NUMER.
undeviginti
ALS. Hi
undevicesimus
20.
viginti
vicesimus
21.
viginti unus or
vicesimus primus or
unus et viginti
unus et vicesimus
28.
duodetriginta
duodetricesimus
29.
undetriginta
undetricesimus
30.
triginta
tricesimus
40.
quadraginta
quadragesimus
50.
quinquaginta
quinquagesimus
60.
sexaginta
sexagesimus
70.
septuaginta
septuagesimus
80.
octoginta
octogesimus
90.
nonaginta
nonagesimus
100.
centum
centesimus
101.
centum unus or
centesimus primus or
centum et unus
unus et centesimus
200.
ducenti, -ae, -a
ducentesimus
300.
trecenti, -ae, -a
trecentesimus
400.
quadringenti, -ae, -a
quadringentesimus
500.
qumgenti, -ae, -a
quingentesimus
600.
sescenti, -ae, -a
sescentesimus
700.
septingenti, -ae, -a
septingentesimus
800.
octingenti, -ae, -a
octingentesimus
900.
nongenti, -ae, -a
nongentesimus
1,000.
mille
millesimus
2,000.
duo milia
bis millesimus
100,000.
centum milia
centies millesimus
,000,000.
decies centena milia
decies centies millesimus
a. The cardinals from quattuor to centum are inde-
clinable. The hundreds are declined like the plural of
bonus. The ordinals are declined throughout like bonus.
22.
duo, two.
tres, three.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
M. and F. N.
N.
duo
duae
duo
tres tria
G.
duorum
duarum
duorum
trium
D.
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
Ac.
duos, duo
duas
duo
tris (tres) tria
Ab.
duobus
duabus
duobus
tribus
116
LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXV.
a. In the Singular, mille is generally an adjective ; but
the Plural milia is a Neuter noun, and is followed by
the Partitive Genitive, as : mille homines, a thousand
Tnen, but duo milia hominum, two thousand men (lit. two
thousand of men).
NINE IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES.
323. The following nine adjectives end in -ius in the
Genitive Singular and in -i in the Dative in all genders.
They are regular in the Plural.
alius, another.
unus, one.
alter, the other.
solus, alone.
iillus, any.
uter, which
(of two).
totus, whole.
niillus, none.
neuter, neither.
a. Alius
and unus are thus declined in the Singular.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
K alius
alia
aliud
unus
iina
unum
G.
alius
unius
*
D.
alii
uni
Ac. alium
aliam
aliud
unum
unam
unum
Ab. alio
alia
alio
uno
una
uno
Note. — Alius is the only one of these adjectives that ends in
-ud in the Keuter.
324. PARTITIVE GENITIVE.
Tres militum. Three of the soldiers.
a. Observe that militum is in the Genitive, and de-
notes the entire number of which d. ^art is taken. It is
called the Partitive Genitive.
325. Rule XXIII. The G-enitive is used to denote
the whole of which a part is taken.
NUMERALS. 117
SUPELIiEX DOMUS ROMANAE.
326. Et in atrio domus Romanae et in peristyle, de
quibus supra scripsimus, exigua erat supellex. In
tiiclinio autem semper erat mensa, ant quadra ant
orbis. Harum mensarum mnltae erant pulcherrimae
et magni pretT. PlTnius maior de dnabus mensis
scripsit, quarum alter! pretinm fnit decies centena
milia sestertiiim, alter! paulo minus. Conv!vae cir-
cum mensam in sell!s non cons!debant. Sed ex tri-
bus mensae lateribus erant lecti, in quibus novem
conv!vae accumbebant, ties in quoque lecto. L!gnea
aut aenea erat sponda lect! in quam torus et cerv!cal
et vestes stragulae impositae sunt.
327. Six guests are reclining on two of the couches.
2. Is not the furniture in the dining-room very ex-
pensive ? 3. He is writing of two chairs, of which
the price of one is five hundred sesterces, of the other,
seven hundred and fifty. 4. (There) were twelve
chairs in each dining-room. 5. The price of this
table is one hundred thousand sesterces.
Sight Translation,
Supellex Domus Eomanae. — Concluded,
328. Lectus cubicularis erat altior quam lectus
tricHniaris et scamno ascendebatur.
Varia erant genera sellarum in domibus Roman!s ;
sed cathedra, in qua feminae plerumque sedebant,
erat simillima nostris sell!s. Omnium sellarum !n-
signissima erat eburnea sella curulis curv!s pedibus,
in qua quidam magistratus sol! sedebant.
118 LATIN BEADEB,— LESSON XXXV.
Pulcherrimae erant lucernae Romanorum, quarum
multa exempla adhiic exstant. Aliae fictiles, aliae
erant aeneae, sed omnes summa arte perfectae. Lu-
cernae, aut in mensas aut in alta candelabra impo-
nebantur, aut etiam laquearibus dependebant. Non
autem claram liicem praebebant.
329. 1. Eratne multa supellex in atrio domus
Romanae ? 2. Qualis mensa erat in triclinio ? 3.
Quae erant ex tribus mensae lateribus? 4. Quot
conyivae in quoque lecto accumbebant? 6. Erantne
lecti Romanorum similes nostris lectis ? 6. Qualis
erat lectus cubicularis ? 7. Quid erat nomen sel-
lae, in qua feminae sedebant ? 8. Qualis erat sella
curiilis ? 9. Quales lucernae erant Romanis? 10.
Ubi imponebantur? 11. Nonne claram lucem prae-
bebant?
QUESTIONS.
330. Count from 1-100 in Latin. Give the Latin for the
following: 463, 58, 3,723, 938,365. Give the hundreds and the
thousands in Latin. Give the Latin ordinals from 1-20. De-
cline unus, duo, tres. Mention the nine irregular adjectives.
In what does their irregularity consist ? Decline alius. Which
cubicularis, of a bedroom. lucerna, lamp.
tricliniaris, of a dining-room, ex-sto, exists he extant.
scamnuni, stool^ step. fictilis, of clay^ pottery.
varius, various. Y>ex-iect\xs, finished^ perfect.
cathedra, an arm-c/iair. (Ca- ars, art, ,sA:i^^.
thedral.) candelabrum, a lamp stand.
insignis, remarkable. (Candelabrum.)
eburneus, of ivory. laquearia, a panelled ceiling.
curulis, cuRTJLE. de-pendeo, hang down. (De-
pend.)
INFINiriVES.
119
of the cardinals are indeclinable ? How are the ordinals de-
clined ? What of mille in the Singular, and in the Plural ?
Give an example of the Partitive Genitive, the Ablative of Com-
parison, and the Ablative of Degree of Difference.
LESSON XXXVI.
Infinitives ; Complementary Infinitive ; Expres-
sions of Place.
331. Tlie Infinitive mood lias neither person nor num-
ber^ and lias but three tenses, the Present, Perfect, and
Future. The sign of the Infinitive in English is to.
332.
ACTIVE INFINITIVES.
VEEB SUM.
PEES.
es-se, to be.
PEEF.
fu-isse, to have been.
FUT.
fut-urus, -a, -um ^
esse (or fore) 1'^«^««^^«* *'''-'«•
COXJ. I.
PEES.
ama-re, to love.
PEEF.
amav-isse, to have loved.
FTJT.
amat-urus, ^
-a, -um esse | ' ^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^
COX J. II.
COXJ. III.
CON J. IV.
PEES.
mone-re
rege-re.
audi-re.
PEKF.
monu-isse. rex-isse.
audiv-isse.
FUT.
monit-urus, rect-urus,
audit-urus,
-a, -um esse. -a, -um esse.
-a, -um esse.
Observe :
a. That in the Active voice the Present Infinitive is
formed by adding -re to the Present stem. (N"ote the
irregularity in the verb sum.)
120 LATIN REABEB. — LESSON XXXYL
h. That the Perfect is formed by adding -isse to the
Perfect stem.
c. That the Piiture is formed by adding -urus, -a, -um
esse to the Participial stem.
333. COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.
Cupit die ere, He desires to S2:>eak,
Notice that the Infinitive die ere comjdetes the mean-
ing of cupit. Hence it is called the Complementary
Infinitive,
334. PLACE WHERE. LOCATIVE CASE.
In oppido. Li the town. Romae. ^l^ Borne.
In Italia. Li Italy. Athenis. At Athens.
In Africa. In Africa. Curibus. At Cures.
Observe that oppido, Italia, and Africa are in the Ab-
lative with the preposition in, and that they denote the
2)lace ivhere. But notice that the names of toicns denot-
ing ^Zace where omit the preposition, and are put in the
Locative Case. This in the Singular of nouns of the
Pirst and Second Declension is like the Genitive ; else-
where, it is like the Ablative. Account for the form
of Romae, Athenis, and Curibus.
335. Rule XXIV. Place ivhere is expressed by the
Ablative with the preposition in. I^ames of towns are
put in the Locative.
336. PLACE TO WHICH.
In Italiam. To Italy. Romam. To Borne.
Ad flumen. To the river, Delphos. To Delphi,
INFINITIVES. 121
337. Rule XXV. Place to luhich is expressed by the
Accusative with ad or in. Names of towns omit the
preposition.
338. PLACE FROM WHICH.
Ex oppido. From the town, Roma. From Bome.
Ab Italia. From Italy, Corintho. From Corinth,
339. Rule XXVI. Flace from tuhich is expressed by
the Ablative with ab or ex. Names of towns omit the
preposition.
Note. — Names of small islands, domus, home^ and rus, coun-
try^ are used like names of towns, as : Cypri est, He is at
Cyprus; Mox domumveniet, He will soon come home; Rus
ibo, I shall go into the country.
THESEUS ET AEGEUS.
340. Interea rex Aegeus veneficam Medeam, quae
Athenas niiper venerat, in matrimonium diixerat.
Ex ea autem niillos liberos habuit. Quam ob rem
viginti filii Pallantis, fratris Aegei, regnum sibi
occupare constituerunt. His hominibus ea coniiiratio
prospere evenit. Nam regem cum Medea in regiam
se recipere cogunt, atque ipsi cTvitatem regunt.
Athenis in hoc statii erant res, ubi Theseus in
urbem venit. Sine mora iuvenis ad Aegei regiam
contendit, atque tandem aditum ad patrem habuit.
Sed Aegeus hunc iuvenem, qui Troezene venerat,
non agnovit. Quin etiam eum pro hoste habuit,
atque consilio uxoris ei vinum dedit, quo Medea
venenum miscuerat.
122 LATIN BEABJEB. —LESSON XXXVL
341. 1. The king's palace Avas at Athens. 2.
Was Aegeus compelled to marry a sorceress ? 3.
Affairs were in this condition at Troezen when he
determined to seize the kingdom. 4. Theseus
hastened from Troezen to Athens. 5. The king
Avill compel Medea to mix the poison with the wine.
Sight Translation. Theseus et Aegeus. — Conclndecl.
342. Theseus poculum dextra siimpserat, ubi pater
in eburneo capulo gladi agnovit signa suT geneiis,
atque poculum ab ore excussit. Inde Medea per sua
carmina effiigit. At Aegeus ingenti gaudio comple-
batur, quod suus filius incolumis erat, atque eum in
regiam laetissimus accepit. Postquam Theseus de
omnibus periculis itineris narravit, et pater et filius
dels immortalibus gratias agunt, et aras doiiis cumu-
lant. Interea yiginti f ilii Pallantis de adventu The-
se! audiverant, atque piignare parabant. Acerrime
Tlieseus impetum in eos fecit, ciinctosque ex urbe
expulit. Brevi postea Aegeus palam Thesea suum
f ilium agnovit. Quam ob rem magna laetitia erat per
totam urbem.
343. 1. Quam Aegeus Athenis in matrimonium
diixit ? 2. Qui regnum sibi occupare constituerunt ?
poculum, cup. gratia, thanks. (Grace.)
capulus, hilt. cumulo, load. (Ac-cumulate.)
ex-cutio, strike away, ad-ventus, arrwal. (Advent.)
gaudium, jo?/. cunctus, all.
coxn.--p\eo, fill. (Complete.) ex-pello, drive out, expel.
quod, because. palam, openly.
laetus, glad. laetitia, gladness.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 123
3. Quid regem facere coegerunt? 4. Ubi Theseus
Athenas venit, quo piimum contendit? 6. Nonne
Aegeus suum filium agiiovit? 6. Quid ei dedit?
7. Quid accidit? 8. Quid deinde fecit Medea?
9. Quo modo rex Thesea accepit? 10. Num filii
Pallantis laeti eraiit, ubi de adventu These! audive-
runt ? 11. VTcitne Theseus eos ? 12. Ciir brevi
postea magna erat laetitia Athenis ?
QUESTIONS.
344. How does the Infinitive differ from other moods ? How
are the tenses of the Active Infinitive formed in Latin ? Give
the Active Infinitives, Latin and English, of paro, doceo, scribo,
munio. Give the Infinitives of sum. What is meant by the
Complementary Infinitive ? State the rules for 2^lace lohere^
place to which, and j^^ccce from which. What is the Locative
ease? Translate: At Delphi; from Rome to Corinth ; at home ;
from Greece to Cyprus; we were hastening into the country.
Compare the following : summus, melior, imus, multus, prox-
imus, similis, miser, primus.
LESSON XXXVII.
Passive Infinitives ; Infinitive as a Noun ; Simple
Indirect Discourse ; Dative with Special
Verbs ; Ablative of Specification.
345. coNj. I.
Pres. ama-ri, to be loved.
Perf. amat-us, -a, -um esse, to have been loved,
FuT. amat-um iri, to be about to be loved.
124 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVII.
CONJ. II. CONJ. III. CONJ. IV.
Pres. mone-ri. reg-i. aud-iri.
Perf. monit-us, rect-us, audit-us,
-a, -um esse. -a, -um esse. -a, -um esse.
FuT. monit-um iri. rect-uni iri. audit-um iri.
In the Passive voice :
a. The Present Infinitive is formed by adding -ri to
the Present stem. But notice that in the Third Conju-
gation -1 (not -ri) is added to the stem minus the final
vowel.
h. The Perfect is formed by adding -us, -a, -um esse
to the Participial stem.
c. The Future is formed by adding -um Iri to the
Participial stem.
346. INFINITIVE USED AS A NOUN.
1. Videre est credere. To see is to believe.
2. Pueri nare discunt. Boys learn to swim.
Observe that the Infinitive may be used as a noun.
Thus in example (1) videre is the subject of est, while
credere is a Predicate Nominative. In example (2)
nare is the object of discunt.
347. SIMPLE INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
In English^ verbs of saying, thinking, knowing, and
perceiving are sometimes followed by an Infinitive with
its subject in the Accusative, as : We supposed him to
be a friend. He found it to be impossible.
passiv:e infinitives. 125
Compare the following :
Direct. Urbs incolumis est. The city is safe.
Indirect. Putamus urbein incolumem esse. We think
that the city is safe (lit. the city to be safe).
Direct. Hostes discesserunt. The enemy have departed.
Indirect. Cognoverunt hostis discessisse. They ascer-
tained that the enemy had departed (lit. the
enemy to have departed).
Direct. Veniam. I shall com.e.
Indirect. Dicit se venturum esse. He says that he will
come (lit. himself to be about to come).
a. Observe that where a Direct statement is made to
depend upon a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, and
perceiving, it becomes Indirect^ the verb in Latin being
put in the Infinitive with its subject in the Accusative.
b. Observe that, in English, the Indirect statement is
generally introduced by the conjunction that, and that
the verb is in the Indicative Mood.
348. Rule XXVII. Verbs of saying^ knowing, think-
ing, and 2^e7'ceiving are followed by the Infinitive with
its subject in the Accusative.
349. Examine the following :
__ ., ( venire. ^ si . .i ( «^'^ coming.
Dicit \ - . Se says that the \ ,
_,. _ < venisse. ,.,. < have come.
milites / ^- - soldiers f
V ventures esse. ^ will come.
■r^- .^ /venire. ^ ., ,, , ,, /- -were coming.
Dixit S - . He said that the \ , ,
_,. _ < venisse. ,,. <ha.a come.
milites / .- - soldiers /
V ventures esse. ^ "would come.
Observe that the tense changes in the English, when
the verb of saying, etc., is in a ^^asz^ tense, while the
tense of the Latin Infinitive remains the same.
126 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIL
The tense of the Infinitive depends on the time of
the principal verb. If the Infinitive denotes :
a. The same time as the principal verb, it will be in
the Present.
b. Time before that of the principal verb, it will be in
the Perfect.
c. Time after that of the principal verb, it will be in
the Puture.
350. DATIVE WITH SPECIAL VERBS.
Servo parcit. He spares the slave.
Legibus non parent. Theij do not obey the laws,
IsTotice that servo and legibus, apparently the objects
of parcit and parent, are in the Dative case, and not in
the Accusative, as we should expect them to be.
Of the verbs thus followed by the Dative, the most
common are :
Parco, pareo, placeo,
Faveo, noceo, servio,
Invideo, nubo, ignosco,
Resisto, persuadeo,
Maledico, indulgeo.
351. Rule XXVIII. Many verbs meaning to favor^
help, please, trust, and their opposites ; also to believe,
persuade, comviand, obey, serve, resist, envij, threaten,
pardon, spare, and the like, are followed by the Dative.
352. ABLATIVE OF SPECIFICATIOX.
Virtute praecedunt. They excel in courage.
Virtute is in the Ablative, and sj^ecifies what they
excel in. Hence it is called the Ablative of Specifi-
cation.
PASSIVE INFINITIVES. 121
353. Rule XXIX. The Ablative of Specification is
used to denote tliat in respect to luhich anything is or is
done.
DAEDALUS.
354. Daedalus, natii Atbeniensis, vir summo in-
genio, multas utilis artis invenit. Sed Perdix, eius
sororis filius, qui a Daedalo docebatur, etiam puer,
celeriter praeceptori antecellit. Cui Daedalus invi-
det et denique eum ex alta riipe praecipitem demittit.
Deinde puerum deciclisse niintiat. Cui autem Atbe-
nienses non crediderunt. Quam ob rem Daedalus
cum filio Icaro ad Minoem, regem Cretae, effugit.
El Daedalus dixit se AthenTs iniuste expulsum esse ;
se autem paratum esse regi multis rebus servire.
Nee difficile erat id regi persuadere. Nam dirum
monstrum, nomine Minotaurus, niiper in Greta appa-
ruerat, cui corpus hominis erat, sed caput tauri.
355. 1. They say that an Athenian, Daedalus by
name, envied his sister's son. 2. The boys declared
that Perdix had been hurled from a very high cliff.
3. It is very difficult to believe this man in all things.
4. I say that Perdix excels his instructors in genius.
5. The Athenians said that Minos would expel Dae-
dalus from Crete.
Sight Translation. Daedalus. — Concluded.
356. Itaque Minos Daeclalum benigne accepit,
atque eum iussit in potestatem suam monstrum redi-
gere. Inde Daedalus miiabilem labyrinthum aedi-
ficavit, qui mille vias et innumerabilis ambages
128 LATIN READER. — LESSON XXXVIL
habuisse dicitur. Hlc Minotaurum clausit. Tamen
necesse erat inonstro corpora hominum ad cibum
praebere. Panels post aniiTs Daedalus nuntiat se
Athenas rediturum esse. Id autem a rege non con-
ceditur. Inde ille iiovam viam fugae reperit. Nam
pennas avium in ordine ponit, quas lino et cera in
formam alarum adligat. Has ignotas alas umeiis
suis et fill accommodat. Inde iter peiiculosum in-
ceperunt. Sed Icarus iiissis patris non paret et
celsior volat. Mox sol cerarn pennarum mollit, et
Icarus in mare decidit quod nomen ab illo traxit.
Daedalus autem incolumis in Siciliam pervenit et
multis rebus regi Siciliae serviebat.
357. 1. Quis erat Daedalus? 2. Ciir Daedalus
Perdici invidet? 8. Quid Perdici accidit? 4.
Ad quem Daedalus effugit ? 6. Quid Minoi dixit ?
6. Ciir non difficile erat id regi persuadere ? 7. In
quo Daedalus monstrum clausit? 8. Quid erat
cibus monstii? 9. Quam viam fugae a Creta Dae-
dalus reperit? 10. Quid accidit Icaio? 11. Num
Daedalus in mare decidit? 12. Cui regi postea
serviebat ?
iubeo, order. penna, feather. (Pen.)
potestas, power. linum, thread. (Linen.)
red-igo, reduce. cera, wax.
mirabUis, ivonderfuL forma, foem.
ambages, windings. (Am- umerus, shoulder.
biguous.) ac-commodo, fit to. (Ac-
claudo, shut up, m-CLOSE. commodate.)
red-eo, return. celsus, high. (Ex-celsior.)
con-cedo, permit, CONCEDE. mollio, soften. (Molli-fy.)
PABTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 129
QUESTIO]SrS.
358. How are the tenses of tlie Passive Infinitive formed ?
Give the Passive Infinitives, Latin and English, of nuntio, video,
mitto, venio. Illustrate the use of the Infinitive as a noun.
What is the difference between Direct and Indirect Discourse ?
In what case is the subject of the Infinitive put ? On what does
the tense of the Infinitive depend ? When will it be Present ?
Perfect ? Future ? Mention the most common of the special
verbs which are followed by the Dative. State the rule for Dative
with special verbs. Distinguish between the Ablative of Specifi-
cation and Ablative of Characteristic, giving an example of each.
Compare the Adverbs formed from multus, parvus, acer, gravis,
facilis.
LESSON XXXVIII.
Participles ; Ablative Absolute.
359. A Participle is a Verbal Adjective ; as a verb it
may be followed by an object ; as an adjective it must
agree with its noun in gender, number, and case.
360. In Latin there are two participles in each voice,
as follows :
ACTIVE PARTICIPLES.
NAME. ENDING. MEANING.
Present. -ns, gen. -ntis. -ing.
Future. -iirus, -a, -um. about to.
PASSIVE PARTICIPLES.
Perfect. -us, -a, -uni. having been.
Geruis^dive. -ndus, -a, -um. necessary to 6e,
or 'ing.
130
LATIN READER.
■LESSON XXXVIIL
CONJ. I.
Pres. ania-ns, loving.
FuT. amat-urus, } . . . j
V about to love.
-a, -um, J
Perf. amat-us,
-a, -um,
G'v'e. ama-ndus, ) necessary to be loved,
-a, -um, ) or loving.
having been loved.
COXJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
Pres.
mone-ns.
rege-ns.
audie-ns.
Put.
monit-urus,
rect-urus,
audit-urus.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
Perf.
monit-us,
rect-us,
andlt-us,
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
G'v'e.
mone-ndus.
rege-ndus,
audie-ndus
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
-a, -um.
a. Observe that the Present participle and the Gerun-
dive are formed by adding the endings to the Present
stem, while t-he Puture and the Perfect have the Parti-
cipial stem.
b. Notice that -e is added to the Present stem in the
Pourth Conjugation.
c. Porm the participles, both Latin and English, of
porto, doceo, scribo, munio.
361.
ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE.
1. Bello confecto,
in Italiam con- ^
tendit.
[The war having been Jin-'\
ished^
Since the war was fin-
ished,
When the war was fin-
ished,
Having finished the war,
he hastened
into Italy.
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 131
2. Signo dato, mi-
lites impetum fe-
cerunt.
3. Eorum vicls in-
censis, Caesar
exercitum re-
duxit.
'The signal having been^
given,
When the signal ivas
given,
^ At the signal,
Their villages having been"
bvrned,
When he had burned their
villages,
After burning their vil-
lages.
Having burned their vil-
lages,
the soldiers
charged.
Caesar
led back
his army.
4. A castris, te
insciente»
discessit.
j You not knowing, j he departed
1 Without your knoioledge, j from camp.
^ , f Caesar (being) our
CaesBredace, ( ^
nihil timemus. ^rr.
Vento secundo,
classis re dibit.
th Caesar as leader,
'The wind (being) favora-^
ble,
When the wind is favora-
ble.
If the wind is favorable,
we fear
nothing.
the fleet will
return.
a, Notice that in the first three examples, there is
a noun (in the fourth, a pronoun) in the Ablative^ and a
participle agreeing with it, and that they define the
time or circumstances of the action expressed in the
main clause of the sentence. Notice also that they are
independent of the rest of the sentence. Hence this
construction is called the Ablative Absolute.
Rule XXX. A noun or pronoun, with a participle,
may be put in the Ablative to define the time or circuTnr
stances of an action.
132 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XXXVIIL
b. Observe that in the 5th example a noun, and in the
6th an adjective, is used instead of the participle. In
both cases, '^ being ^^ is supplied in English.
c. Observe that the literal translation of the Ablative
Absolute is apt to be awkward. A smoother translation
is obtained by using the Active participle with a direct
object, or a clause introduced by a suitable conjunction.
d. In translating English into Latin, do not imagine
that all participles will have the Ablative Absolute con-
struction. For example, if a participle belongs to the
subject of a verb in the Indicative mood, it will, of
course, be in the IS^ominative case, as : Caesar, influenced
by their entreaties, undertook the war, Caesar, eorum
precibus adductus, bellum suscepit.
362. USE OF THE PRESENT PARTICIPLE.
In Latin, the Present participle can only be used
when it denotes the same time as the principal verb, as :
Vidi eum ridentem. I saw him laughing. When, there-
fore, the Present participle is used loosely in English to
denote time before that of the principal verb, an Abla-
tive Absolute or a clause must be substituted, as :
Ascertaining these facts, they departed.
His rebus cdgnitis, discesserunt.
THESEUS ET MINOTAUIIUS.
363. Olim, regnante Aegeo, Androgeus Minois fi-
lius Athenas venit, atque liidorum, qui ibi quotannis
celebrabantur, victor appellatus est. Hand ita multo
post, casii nescio quo necatus est. Quam ob rem
Minos incensus Ira bellum cum Atheniensibus gessit.
PARTICIPLES ; ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 133
Quibus Yictis terribile tributum imposuit. Eos enim
quotaniiTs septem iuvenis septemqiie virgines ad ci-
bum Minotauro mittere iussit. Ea re cognita, The-
seus ad Cretam navigare et cum monstro pugnare
constituit. Nee lacrimis patris nee preeibus populi
motus est. Denique sortes ducuntur et omnia pa-
rata sunt. Infelices iuvenes cum Theseo navem atris
veils aptatam, sTgnum luctiis, conscendunt. Quam
navem Tiieseus patrT promittit albis veils aptatam,
sTgnum victoriae, Atiienas redituram esse.
364. 1. In tlie reign of Minos Idng of Crete, An-
drogens, liis son, was murdered at Atliens. 2. Wlien
everything was ready, Ave embarl^ed on a ship with
black sails. 3. Tlieseus said that he would kill
the Minotaur and return to Athens a victor. 4.
After the lots had been drawn, seven unfortunate
youths were ordered to sail to Crete. 5. On ascer-
taining these facts, Minos determined to wage war
with Aegeus.
Sight Translation.
Theseus et Minotaurus. — Concluded.
365. Mox nautae navem solvunt, et altum mare
petunt. Paucis post diebus navis ad Cretam ap-
pulsa est. CaptivT expositi ad regem diicuntur. Tum
primum Ariadne, pulclira filia Minois, Thesea videt.
Statim admiratione et misericordia mota nobilem
iuvenem servare constituit. Itaque virgo, captivis in
carcerem ductis, custodes auro corrumpit, ac ipsa Tlie-
sei gladium et filum dat. Vesper! custodes Thesea
134 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XXXVIIL
in labyrintlium clucunt. Prope introitum autem iu-
venis custodibus inscientibus filum adnectit. Subito
terribilem mugitum exaudiunt. Inde cnstodes ex
labyriiitho discedunt et Theseus solus relinquitur.
Mox Minotaurum videt. Turn acerrima erat pugna.
Nam Miiiotauro erant et vires tauii et dolus celeri-
tasque hominis. Denique volneribus confectum mon-
strum cadit.
366. 1. Cur Minos bellum cum Atheniensibus
gessit? 2. Quod tenibile tributum Atheniensibus
victis imposuit ? 3. Quale monstrum erat Mino-
taurus? 4. Quis cum Minotauro piignare consti-
tuit? 5. Qualem navem infelices iuvenes conscen-
dunt? 6. Quid Theseus patri promittit ? 7. Ubi
primum Ariadne Thesea vTdit? 8. Quid fecit
virgo? 9. Quando Theseus in labyrintlium ductus
est? 10. Quid prope introitum fecit? 11. Ciir
acerrima erat prigna cum Minotauro? 12. Quis
vTcit ?
QUESTIO]SrS.
367. What is a participle ? Give the names, endings, and
meanings of the four participles. Which are formed from the
Present stem ? From what stem are the others formed ? Form
the participles of duco, moveo, custodio, laudo. What is an
Ablative Absolute ? What may be used instead of the participle ?
Is there an Ablative Absolute in the sentence: The Gauls having
been conquered sent hostages to Caesar f Why ? Where only
may the Present participle be used in Latin ? Rule for place
where. Give the Infinitives, Active and Passive, of pono.
ap-pello, land. filum, thread.
ex-pono, disembark. introitum, entrance,
ad-m.iratio, admiration. ad-necto, fasten.
moveo, MOVE. mugitus, bellowing.
career, prison. (In-carcerate.) dolus, cunning.
GERUND; GEBUNBIVE,
135
LESSON XXXIX.
Gerund ; Gerundive ; Supine ; Ablative of Time.
368.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
G. amandi, of loving.
monendi
regendi
audiendi
D. amando, /or loving.
monendo
regendo
audiendo
Ac. amanduni, loving.
monendum
regendum
audiendnm
Ab. amando, by loving.
monendo
regendo
audiendo
a. The Gerund is a verbal noun of the Second De-
clension ; it lacks the Kominative case, which is sup-
plied by the Infinitive. Following are examples of its
use.
369.
G. His potestatem discedendi fecit. He gave these the
opportunity of departing.
D. Aqua utilis est bibendo. Water is useful for drink-
ing.
Ac. Naves erant inutiles ad navigandum. The ships
were useless for sailing.
Ab. Milites in metendo occupati sunt. The soldiers were
occupied in reaping.
a. Observe that the gerund is governed precisely like
any other noun. As it has the force of a verb, it mai/
take an object in the proper case. But, as a general
rule, instead of the gerund with a direct object the
gerundive is used. The gerundive then agrees with its
noun, which is jout in the case in which the gerund would
have been. The following examples illustrate the. use of
the gerundive instead of the gerund.
136
LATIN REABEB, — LESSON XXXIX,
370.
G. Consilium
ceperunt
D. Vix erat
tempus
Ac. In Italiam
contendit
Ab. Mobiles
sunt
I legionem oppriniendi.
' legionis opprimendae.
They formed the
plan of crushing
the legion.
I res conlooando.
' rebus conlocandis.
There was scarcely
time for arranging
matters.
ad agendum con-
ventus.
adc on ventus
agendo s,
j in capiendo consilia.
I in consiliis capiendls.
I He hastened into Italy for
the purpose of holding
(to hold) courts.
They are changea-
ble in forming
plans.
a. ISTotice that the Accusative of the gerundive with
ad is used to express pmyose.
37
1.
SUPINE.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
Ac.
amatum, to love.
monitum
rectum
auditum
Ab.
amatu, to love.
monitu
rectu
auditu
a. The Supine is a verbal noun of the Fourth Declen-
siouj used only in the Accusative and Ablative as fol-
lows :
1. Legates miserunt rogatum auxilium. They sent am-
bassadors to ask assistance.
2. Perfacile factu est. It is very easy to do.
h. The Accusative of the supine — called the supine
in -um — is used, as in example (1), with verbs of mo-
tion to express purpose.
Note. — This Supine is also used with iri, — the Passive Infini-
tive of eo, to go, — to form the Future Passive Infinitive of verbs,
as : amatum iri.
SUPINE; ABLATIVE OF TIME. 137
c. The Ablative of the supine — called the supine in
-u — is used, as in example (2), with a few adjectives.
372. ABLATIVE OF TIME.
1. Node oppidum oppugnabimus. We shall storm the
town at night.
2. Trihns lioris expugnabitur. It imll he taken within
three hours.
In the first example the Ablative node expresses
time when; in the second example the Ablative tribus
horis expresses time within which.
373. Rule XXXI. Time when or within ivliich is
expressed by the Ablative without a preposition.
THESEUS ET AKIADISTE.
374. Minotauro victo, Theseus filo viam, qua ve-
nerat, celeriter repetit. Ad introitum labyrinthi
Ariadnen videt, quae metu tremens iuvenem petitum
venerat. Nunc tandem virgo laeta eum victorem
videt, atque ei dicit se omnia paravisse ; custodes
carceris somno vinoque sepultos esse; eius comites
ad navigandum paratos esse. Statim Theseus cum
Ariadne ad litus properat, ubi iam sui comites con-
venerant. Sine tumultu omnes iiavem atiis veils
conscendunt et nocte tecti per classem Minois eva-
dunt. Nunc tandem eis est spes patriae videndae.
Postero die Naxon veniunt. Hic ab omni peiiculo
tuti paucos dies manebant. Tum Theseus et comi-
tes navem conscendunt et Athenas cursum derigunt.
Ariadne autem relicta est, quam ob rem difficile
dictu est.
138 LATIN BEADEB, — LESSON XXXIX.
375. 1. The companions of Theseus had no hope
of conquering the Minotaur. 2. They had has-
tened to the shore to see the ship with black sails.
3. They say it is (a) difficult (thing) to see. 4.
They will remain at Naxos for the purpose of search-
ing for the maiden. 5. On the following day they
said that they would arrive at Athens within a few
days.
Sight Translation, Theseus et Ariadne. — Concluded.
376. Alii dicunt These! in animo esse Naxon postea
redire ad diicendam Ariadnen in matrimonium ; alii
deum Bacchum coegisse iuvenem Ariadnen relinquere
dicunt. Saltern certum est Bacchum eam in caelum
secum evexisse et ei coronam septem stellarum de-
disse. Etiam nunc enim nocte in caelo Ariadnea
corona cernitur.
lam multos dies rex Aegeus reditum navis ex-
spectabat, quae suum filium ad Cretam evexerat.
Procul tandem navem cernit, sed eheu ! atiis veils.
Nam Theseus casii nescio quo vela non miitaverat.
Tum rex magno dolore adfectus se ex alta riipe in
mare deiecit ; unde mari nomen est Aegaeum. Inde
Theseus rex Athenarum sapienter civitatem rege-
Bacchus, god of wine. dolor, sorrow, grief. (Dolo-
saltem, at any rate. rous.)
e-veho, carry aioay. (Ve- ad-ficio, affect.
hide.) Aegaeus, Aegean.
Stella, star. (Stellar.) sapienter, wisely.
red-itus, return. ar-cesso, send for, fetch.
eheu, Alas ! prae-cipuus, special,
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WOEDS. 139
bat. Suam matrem, Aethram, Troezene arcessivit,
quam semper habebat praecipuo honore.
377. 1. Quo modo Theseus ex labyrintho evasit?
2. Quam ad introitum vidit? 3. Quid virgo ei
dixit? 4. Ubi Theseus suos comites invenit ? 5.
Quo modo per classem Minois evaserunt ? 6. In
qua insula Ariadnen reliquerunt? 7. Quid dicunt
scriptores de hac re? 8. Quid certum est? 9.
Ciir Aegeus se ex rupe in mare deiecit? 10. Quis
postea erat rex Athenarum? 11. Qualis rex erat
Theseus ? 12. Qualis f ilius erat Theseus ?
QUESTIONS.
378. Give the gerunds of narro, video, duco, venio. What
is a gerund ? A gerundive ? When is the gerundive used instead
of a gerund ? In tlie following examples change from the gerund
to the gerundive construction, and vice versa : ad perferendas
calamitatis, consilium bellum renovandi, difiicultas belli
gerendi, ad legiones transportandum. What is a supine ?
How are the supines used ? Give an example of time when; time
within ivhich. What kind of time does the Accusative express ?
LESSON XL.
Derivation and Composition of Words.
379. In English^ several words of kindred meaning
may often be formed from one word by the addition of
certain endings, called suffixes ; e. g., from the verb gov-
em we have governor^ governess^ government] governable^
etc. Compare the following examples in Latin:
140 LATIN READEB. —LESSON XL.
REG- = guide.
reg-ere, to rule. regn-um, reign,
rex (= reg-s), king. regn-are, to reign.
reg-ina, queen. regna-tor, ruler.
reg-ius, royal. rec-tor, guide, ruler.
reg-ia, palace. rect-i5, direction., government.
reg-io, direction. rect-us, direct, straight.
All these Latin words, having in them the idea of
guidance or government, are formed from the root reg-
by the addition of certain suffixes. Following are a few
of the most important suffixes used in the formation of
Latin words.
380.
NOUNS.
1. The suffix -tor added to roots or verb-stems de-
notes the agent or doer of an action, as :
vinco (root vie-), I conquer. victor, conqueror.
oro (stem ora-), I plead. orator, pleader, orator.
In like manner form nouns of agency from impero
and cano.
2. -ia, -tia, -tas and -tudo added to adjective and
noun stems form abstract nouns expressing quality,
as :
diligens (stem diligent-), diligentia, diligence.
diligent.
laetus (stem laeto-), glad. laetitia, gladness.
celer (stem celeri-), quick. celeritas, quickness,
altus (stem alto-), high. altitude, height.
Form nou.ns expressing quality from priidens, saevus,
tardus, magnus.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 141
(3.) -io, -tio, -tus and -tura added to verb stems form
nouns expressing action, as :
lego (root LEG-), I gather.
dimico (stem dimica-), I
fight.
cano (root can-), I sing.
pingo (root pic-), I ])aint.
legio, gathering^ legion.
dimicatio, struggle.
cantus, singing.
pictura, painting.
Form nouns of action from dico, coniuro, advenio, sto.
381.
ADJECTIVES.
(1.) The suffixes -anus, -Inus, -ensis form adjectives
denoting belonging to, as :
Roma (stem Roma-), Rome.
Gabii (stem G-abio-), Gabii.
Athenae (stem Athena-),
Athens.
Romanus, Roman.
Gabinus, of Gabii.
Atheniensis, Athenian.
Form such adjectives from Alba, Latium, Sicilia.
(2.) -eus forms adjectives denoting material, as:
aurum (stem auro-), gold. aureus, golden.
ferrum (stem ferro-), iron. ferreus, of iron.
Form adjectives denoting material from lignum and
marmor.
(3.) -lis, -alls, -elis, -ills, -bills form adjectives denoting
tendency, as :
humus (stem humo-), ground.
mors (stem mort-), death,
fides (stem fide-), faith.
hostis (stem hosti-), enemy.
terreo (root t:ei'rr-), frighten.
humilis, loic.
mortalis, mortal,
fidelis, faithful.
hostilis, hostile.
terribilis, terrible.
In like manner form adjectives from facio, natura,
criidus, vir, horreo.
142 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XL.
382. VERBS.
Some Latin verbs are formed directly from roots^
as ago from root ag-; others are formed from noun,
adjective, and other verb stems, as :
laus (stem laud-), praise. laudare, to praise.
albus (stem albo-), white. albeo, he ichite.
caleo (stem cale-), be warm, calesco, grow warm.
finis (stem fini-), end. finio, end.
383. COMPOUND WORDS.
Latin compounds consist of two or more simple
stems uniting to form one word, as : magno + animus =
magnanimus, great-souled.
They are often formed of verbs preceded (1) by a
preposition, as m-scribo, inscribe, or (2) by a particle, as
dis-cedo, dejpart.
a. Notice the following compounds of mitto, send.
a-mitto, send away. m3.nu-initto,sendfrom the hand,
ad-niitto, send to, admit. release.
circuni-mitto, send around. o-niitto, omit.
com-mitto, send together, per-mitto, send through, 2:)er-
commit. mit.
de-mitto, send or cast down. prae-mitto, send forward.
di-mitto, send apart, scatter. pro-mitto, promise.
e-Yrdtto, send forth, emit. re-niitto, send hack, remit.
im-mitto, send in. sub-mitto, send under, suhmit.
inter-mitto, send hetween, in- trans-mitto, send across.
termit.
h. The final consonant in the preposition is often
assimilated to the consonant beginning the following
word, as cor-rumpo for con-rumpo, au-fero for ab-fero.
c. A short a or e in the stem of a verb compounded
with a preposition is often weakened to short i, as
con-ficio for con-facio, ob-tineo for ob-teneo.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF ]V01WS. 143
PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION.
384. Prepositions^ when compounded with other words,
sometimes vary from tlieir usual meaning. Note care-
fully the following :
Com-, con- (cum), (1) together, as con-venire, to come
together ^ (2) thoroughly, completely, as con-laudare, to
praise highly.
In-, im-, (1) with verbs, in, into, on, against, as im-
portare, to bring in ; (2) with adjectives, not, un-, as in-
iustus, unjust.
Ob, (1) towards, as oc-currere, to run towards ; (2)
down, as oc-cidere, to cut doivn.
Sub, (1) under, beneath, as sub-mergere, to dip under ;
(2) from beneath, up, as sub-levare, to raise up ; (3)
secretly, as sub-ripere, to take away secretly ; (4) slightly,
as sub-ridere, {to laugh slightly^, to smile,
385. PARTICLES IN COMPOSITION.
amb-, am-, an-, around., round about, as amb-ire, to go around.
dis-, di-, asunder, apart, as dis-cedere, to depart,
por-, forward, forth, as por-rigere, to hold forth, extend.
red-, re-, hack, again, as red-ire, to go hack, return,
sed-, se-, apart, as se-cludere, to shut apart,
NUPTIAE ROMANAE.
386. Die niiptiarum niibens alba tunica et flammeo
luteo induebatur. Eius coma, cuspide hastae in sex
ciinTs divisa, yittis nectebatur. Ubi convivae in
patris niibentis domnm convenerunt, optimis auspi-
ciis caerimonia agebatur. Pnmum certa et soUemnia
verba, decern testibus praesentibus, dicuntur. Deinde
144 LATIN READER, — LESSON XL,
pronuba novos maritos ad aram dels sacrificandi
causa ducit. Dum Flamen Dialis carmina peragit,
novi mariti, manibus inter se iuiictis, aram circumi-
bant. Quibus litibus factis, omnes convivae et maiito
et nuptae ' feliciter ' dicuiit. Delude epulis usque ad
noctem apud patrem novae nuptae accumbunt.
387. 1. They said that the guests had assembled
at the bridegroom's house. 2. The solemn words
will be pronounced In the presence of the priest.
8. The guests will recline at the feast until night-
fall. 4. Has the bride put on the white tunic and
orange-colored veil? 6. The priest used to go
round the altar for the sake of performing these
ceremonies.
Sight Translation, Nuptiae Romanae. — Concluded,
388. Ubi nox venlt, nupta specie vis de complexu
matiis avolsa ad domum mariti deducltur. Tibiclnes
species, show, (Species.) oleum, oil.
com-plexus, embrace. (Com- iinguo, anom^. (Unction.)
plexion.) omen, omen.
a-vello, tear away, (Re- trans-fertur, is carried across,
vulsion.) (Transfer.)
tibicen, flute-player, vide-licet, (one may see),
fax, torch, clearly.
agmen, line, quia, because.
prae-cedo, precede. necessarius, necessary.
Talassio, perhaps an ancient re-potia, return banquet.
god of marriage. Lares, deified spirits of ances-
clamito, keep shouting. tors.
nux, nut, Penates, household gods.
spargo, scatter. (Sparse.) sacri-fico, sacrifice.
signi-fico, signify.
DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. 145
et servi faces ferentes agmen praecedunt. Post
noYOS maritos veniunt convivae, quibus mox magna
turba plebis se iungit. Omnes carmina caiiunt et
'Talassio' clamitaiit. Nunc maritus puerTs nuces
spargit, quo significat se non iam puerum esse. Ubi
ad domum mariti veniunt, nupta postis oleo unguit
atque eos vittis ornat. Deinde ad malum omen
vitandum nupta trans limen transfertur. In atrio
maritus suam uxorem aqua et igni accipit, videlicet
quia hae duae res ad vivendum maxime necessariae
sunt. Postero die repotia apud maiitum erant, quo
tempore primum nripta Laribus et Penatibus mariti
sacrificabat.
389. 1. Quo modo nubens Romana induebatur?
2. Quo modo eius coma dividebatur ? 8. Quot
testibus praesentibus caerimonia agebatur? 4. Quis
ducit novos maritos ad aram ? 5. Dum Flamen Di-
alis carmina peragit, quid faciunt novi maiiti? 6.
Quid deinde faciunt convivae ? 7. Ubi nox venit,
quo niipta deducitur? 8. Dum turba per vias ince-
dit, quid faciunt omnes ? 9. Quid facit novus mari-
tus? 10. Ubi ad domum veniunt, quid facit niipta?
11. Ciir nupta trans limen transfertur? 12. Quo
modo maritus in atrio nuptam accepit? 13. Ubi pri-
mum niipta Laribus et Penatibus maiiti sacrificabat.
QUESTIONS.
390. Explain the formation of the following words, giving
the meaning of the suflQxes: Romanus, diligentia, fidelis, ora-
tor, terribilis, altitude, Gabinus, pictura, cantor, ligneus,
laetitia, mortalis, legio, celeritas, Atheniensis, ferreus, hu-
146 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLL
mills, dimicatio, hostilis, cantus. What is the force of the
prepositions and particles in the following: iniustus, porri-
gere, subripere, secludere, occidere, conlaudare, redire,
subridere, discedere, sublevare, occurrere, ambire, conve-
nire, iniportare.
LESSON XL I.
Subjunctive of Sum; Hortatory Subjunctive;
Subjunctive of 'Wish.
391. The Subjunctive mood has four tenses ; viz.,
Present, Imperfect, Perfect, and Pluperfect. It is vari-
ously translated according to the clause in which it
stands. Learn the following paradigm : —
SUBJUNCTIVE OF SUM.
PRESENT. IMPERFECT.
s-i-m
s-i-nius
es-se-m
es-se-mus
s-i-s
s-i-tis
es-se-s
es-se-tis
s-i-t
s-i-nt
es-se-t
es-se-nt
PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
fu-eri-m fu-eri-mus fu-isse-ni fu-isse-nius
fu-eri-s fu-eri-tis fu-isse-s fu-isse-tis
fu-eri-t fu-eri-nt fu-isse-t fu-isse-nt
392. The Subjunctive has two principal uses.
I. It may be used independently.
II. It may be dependent on another verb.
I. SUBJUlSrCTIVE TN INDEPENDENT SENTENCES.
393. HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE.
1. Boni simus. Let us be good.
2. Ne ignavi simus. Let us not be cowards.
HORTATORY SUBJUNCTIVE. 147
a. Observe that these sentences are exhortations.
Hence this is called the Hortatory Subjunctive.
b. The negative is ne, as in example (2).
394. Rule XXXII. The Subjunctive is used to ex-
press a mild command or exhortation.
395. SUBJUNCTIVE OF WISH.
1. Sis felix. May you be fortunate.
2. (Utinam) Athenis essem, O that I were (now) at
Athens I
3. (Utinam) ne domi fuissemus, O that we had not
been at home I
a. Notice that the wish expressed in example (1) is
with regard to the fidure, and that it may be fulfilled.
Hence, it is called a possible wish. It requires the Pres-
ent Subjunctive.
b. The wish expressed in example (2) is with regard
to present time, but it cannot be fulfilled, as the person
is evidently not now at Athens. It is therefore called an
impossible ivish in the present. Notice that although the
time is present, the tense is Imperfect.
c. The wish in example (3) is with reference to past
time, and of course cannot be fulfilled. It is called an
impossible ivish in the past^ and requires the Pluperfect
Subjunctive.
d. Utinam may be omitted. The negative is ne.
396. Rule XXXIII. The Subjunctive is used to ex-
press a wish ; the Present tense is used for a possible
wish ; the Imperfect for an impossible wish in the pres-
ent ', the Pluperfect for an impossible wish in the past.
148 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLL
MIDAS.
397. Bacchus olim Midae, regi Phrygiae, pro beiie-
ficio arbitrium muneris dedit. Ille autem sic petivit :
'' Quicquid meo corpore contigero, id auruin sit."
CuT deus maestus adnuit, "Ita sit." Midas autem
laetus domum abivit. Vix fortiinae credens postis
tangit, qui protinus in aurum vertuntur. Deinde
regiam percurrit, lectos, luensas, sella, manii tangens.
Brevi omnia sunt aurea. Mox regi magnificas epulas
ministn apponunt. Turn yero quicquid cibi rex ore
contingit, id statim in aurum yertitur. Etiam yinum
in aureum fliimen yertitur. Midas attonitus opes
effugere temptat sed frustra. Sic tandem secum
dicit : " Ne tam stultus fuissem ! Et ditissimus et
pauperrimus mortalium sum ! Utinam deus ipse
adesset! Quo modo sine eius auxilio mortem effu-
giam ? "
398. 1. Let not the king be astonished. 2, O
that all things in the palace were golden ! 3. Let
the feast be magnificent. 4. O that the attend-
ants of the king had not been so foolish ! 5. O
that we were not so poor !
Sight Translation. Midas. — Concluded.
399. Lide Midas Bacchum diem noctemque quaere-
bat. Denique fame sitique defessus deum repperit.
Tum SIC orat : '' Da yeniam, pater, peccavi. Ab hoc
criideli fato me eripe." Cui deus benigne respon-
det: " Vade ad fliimen Pactolum. Ubi ad fliiminis
fontis yeneris, aquae tuum caput subde, et simul
SUBJUNCTIVE OF WISH. 149
corpus crimenque elue." Rex ad flumen succedit,
atque in aquam se mergit. Statim, mirabile dictu,
VIS aurea de eius corpore in flumen cedit. Usque ad
hoc tempus Pactolus aureis harenis fluere dicitur.
At Midas, cm ex eo tempore opes inyisae erant,
silvas et riira semper colebat.
400. 1. Quis erat Midas? 2. Quis olim Midae
arbitrium nmneris dedit ? 3. Ubi rex domum venit,
quid prlmum fecit? 4. Quid accidit? 6. Quid
deinde Midas fecit? 6. Quid accidit, ubi ministri
epulas regi apposuerunt? 7. Quem Midas diu
quaerebat? 8. Quid Midae petenti deus respondit?
9. Quid accidit, ubi rex in aquam se mersit? 10.
Cur postea Midas silvas et riira colebat?
QUESTIONS.
401. Inflect the Subjunctive of sum. What are the two
principal uses of the Subjunctive ? Illustrate the Hortatory
Subjunctive. Why is it called Hortatory ? In wishes, when is
the Present Subjunctive used ? The Imperfect ? The Pluper-
fect ? What negative is used with the Hortatory Subjunctive
and in wishes ?
fames, hunger^ famine. e-luo, wash, wash away,
sitis, thirst. suc-cedo, draw near. (Sue-
pecco, sin. ceed.)
e-ripio, snatch or save from. mergo, dip, sink. (Merge.)
va.do, go, proceed, (ln-^7■ade.) harena., sand. (Arena.)
Pactolus, river in Asia Minor, in-visus, hateful.
sub-do, put or dip under. colo, inhabit, frequent.
crimen, offence, crime. (Culture.)
150
LATIN READER.
■LESSON XLIL
LESSON XLII.
Active Subjunctive; Indirect Question; Genitive
and Dative with Adjectives.
402.
ACTIVE VOICE-
■SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
CONJ. I.
am-e-m
am-e-s
am-e-t
am-e-mus
am-e-tis
am-e-nt
ama-re-m
ama-re-s
ama-re-t
ama-re-mus
ama-re-tis
ama-re-nt
amav-eri-m
amav-eri-s
amav-eri-t
amav-eri-mus
amav-eri-tis
amav-eri-nt
amav-isse-m
amav-isse-s
amav-isse-t
PRESENT TENSE.
CONJ. II. CONJ. III.
mone-a-m
mone-a-s
mone-a-t
mone-a-mus
mone-a-tis
mone-a-nt
reg-a-m
reg-a-s
reg-a-t
reg-a-mus
reg-a-tis
reg-a-nt
IMPERFECT TENSE.
mone-re-m
mone-re-s
moiie-re-t
mone-re-mus
mone-re-tis
mone-re-nt
rege-re-m
rege-re-s
rege-re-t
rege-re-nius
rege-re-tis
rege-re-nt
PERFECT TENSE.
monu-eri-m rex-eri-m
monu-eri-s rex-eri-s
monu-eri-t rex-eri-t
monu-eri-mus rex-eri-mus
monu-eri-tis rex-eri-tis
monu-eri-nt rex-eri-nt
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
monu-isse-m rex-isse-m
monu-isse-s rex-isse-s
monu-isse-t rex-isse-t
CONJ. IV.
audi-a-m
audi-a-s
audi-a-t
audi-a-mus
audi-a-tis
audi-a-nt
audi-re-m
audi-re-s
audi-re-t
audi-re-mus
audi-re-tis
audi-re-nt
audlv-eri-m
audiv-eri-s
audiv-eri-t
audiv-eri-mus
audiv-eri-tis
audiv-eri-nt
audlv-isse-m
audiv-isse-s
audiv-isse-t
amav-isse-mus monu-isse-nius rex-isse-mus audiv-isse-mus
amav-isse-tis monu-isse-tis rex-isse-tis audiv-isse-tis
amav4sse-nt monu-isse-nt rex-isse-nt audlv-isse-nl;
ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE. 151
a. Notice that the tense signs of the Subjunctive in
all four Conjugations are as follows :
PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PERFECT. PLUPERFECT.
-a- (CoNj. I. -e-) -re- -eri- -isse-
b. Inflect the Active Subjunctive of porto, habeo,
dico, venio.
n. SUBJUNCTIVE IN DEPENDENT SENTENCES.
403. INDIRECT QUESTION.
DIRECT QUESTION. INDIRECT QUESTION.
1. Ubiest? Scio ubi sit.
Where is kef I know where he is.
2. Quid agunt? Sensit quid agerent.
What are they doing ? He perceived what they
were doing.
a. Observe that an Indirect Question is really a
Direct Question made dependent on a verb.
h. Notice that the verb in the Indirect Question is in
the Subjunctive mood.
404. Rule XXXIV. Indirect Questions are put in the
Subjunctive.
405. SEQUENCE OF TENSES.
Quaerit )
Quaeret Cquis / ^^'^«^'^at
Quaesiverit ) ^ discesserit.
He is inquiring )
He will inquire i who \ ^^ departing.
He xMl have inquired ) ^ ^^^ departed.
Quaerebat )
Quaesivit C quis | '^^'^''^^^■^^*-
Quaesiverat ) ^ discessisset.
152 LATIN HEADER. — LESSON XLIL
He ivas inquiring )
He inquired I icho I ^^^ departing.
He had inquired ) ^ ^^^ departed.
a. Carefully examine the above sentences and observe
that the tense of the Subjunctive depends upon the
tense of the principal verb according to the following
rule :
406. Rule XXXV. If the tense of the principal verb
is Present, Future, or Future Perfect, it will be followed
by the Present or Perfect Subjunctive. But if the tense
of the principal verb is hnxjerfect, Perfect, or Plupeifect,
it will be followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Sub-
junctive.
407. GENITIVE AND DATIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.
GENITIVE. DATIVE.
Plenus irae. Locus idoneus castris.
Full of anger. A place suitable for a
camp.
408. Rule XXXVI. The Genitive is used with adjec-
tives denoting desire, knowledge, memory , fulness, power,
sharing, guilt, and their opposites.
409. Rule XXXVII. The Dative is used with adjec-
tives denoting fitness, nearness, likeness, friendliness, in-
clination, and their opposites.
lASON ET CENTAURUS.
410. In Thessalia olim erat rex, nomine Aeson,
GUI erat frater Pelias, homo summa audacia et impu-
dentia. Hic, coniuratione facta, fratrem expulit, ac
ipse regnum occupavit. Hand ita multo post, Pelias
INBIBECT QUESTION, 153
lasonem filium Aesonis interficere constituit. Sed
quidam, qui Aesoni amicus erat, ei ostendit quid
consili Pelias haberet. Inde Aeson, plenus timoris,
cum filio in montis effiigit, ubi cuidam centauro,
nomine Chironi, lasonem educandum dedit. (Cen-
taur! caput manusque hiimanas sed corpus equinum
habebant.) Cum Chirone multos annos vivebat
lason, patris regnique immemor. Tandem ei iam
fortissimo et validissimo centaurus ostendit unde
venisset et quis esset.
411. 1. Full of recklessness he was expelled from
Tliessaly by the king. 2. Let us show the brave
youth who he is, and whence he came. 3. Jason
was educated by a centaur who was friendly to his
father. 4. O that his brother would show him
what plan the centaurs have ! 5. Forgetful of their
father, they had lived many j^ears in the mountains.
Sight Translation, I as ox et Axus.
412. Inde lason, patris videndi cupidissimus, ad
lolcum, ubi regia erat, contendere constituit, atque,
Pelia expulso, patrem restituere in suum regnum.
Mox, omnibus rebus paratis, Chironi '' Vale " dicit, et
ad planitiem descendit. Sub monte succedit ad Anau-
rum, rapidum flumen, qui tum maxime imbribus
tumidus erat. Dum lason transire dubitat, pauperem
anum in ripa sedentem videt. Quae statim stiidula
voce iuvenem se transportare iubet. Quod piimum
lason reciisat ; sed postea, misericordia motus, earn in
suos umeros tollit et aquam intrat. Vix in rapido
154 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIL
flumine se sustinet. Tandem, defessus laboribus,
altero calceo amisso, ad lipam venit. Deinde, onere
deposito, ad '' Vale " dicendum se vertit. At iam,
mirabile dictu, non anus, sed dea pulcherrima forma
adest.
413. 1. Qualis homo erat Pelias ? 2. Quo modo
regnum occupavit ? 3. Quid deinde facere con-
stituit ? 4. Quis Aesoni ostendit quid consili
Pelias haberet ? 5. Quid fecit Aeson ? 6. Qualia
animalia erant centaun? 7. Quis lasoni ostendit
unde venisset et quis esset? 8. Quid deinde iu-
venis facere constituit? 9. Ad quod flumen sub
monte succedit ? 10. Quam in ripa sedentem videt ?
11. Quid anus iuvenem facere iubet? 12. Num
lason reciisat ? 13. Quid accidit, ubi aquam intrat ?
14. Ubi ad alteram ripam venit, quid fecit lason?
15. Quis adest ?
QUESTIONS.
414. What are the tense signs of the Active Subjunctive in all
four conjugations ? What is the difference between a Direct and
an Lidirect Question ? Give the rule for Sequence of tenses.
What adjectives are followed by the Genitive ? What by the
Dative ?
lolcus, town in Thessaly. tumidus, swollen. (Tumor.)
planities, plain. trans-eo, go across. (Transit.)
Anaurus, river in Thessaly. anus, old woman.
rapidus, swift ^ rapid.
PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE.
155
LESSON XLIII.
Passive Subjunctive; Subjunctive of Purpose;
Dative of Service.
415. PASSIVE VOICE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
CONJ. III.
CONJ. IV.
am-e-r
mone-a-r
reg-a-r
audi-a-r
am-e-ris
mone-a-ris
reg-a-ris
audi-a-ris
or -re
or -re
or -re
or -re
am-e-tur
mone-a-tur
reg-a-tur
audi-a-tur
am-e-mur
mone-a-mur
reg-a-mur
audi-a-mur
am-e-mini
mone-a-mini
reg-a-mini
audi-a-mini
am-e-ntur
mone-a-ntur
reg-a-ntur
audi-a-ntur
IMPERFECT
TENSE.
ama-re-r
mone-re-r
rege-re-r
audi-re-r
ama-re-ris
mone-re-ris
rege-re-ris
audi-re-ris
or -re
or -re
or -re
or -re
ama-re-tur
mone-re-tur
rege-re-tur
audi-re-tur
ama-re-mur
mone-re-mur
rege-re-miir
audi-re-mur
ama-re-niini
mone-re-mini
rege-re-mini
audi-re-mini
ama-re-ntur
mone-re-ntur
rege-re-ntur
audi-re-ntur
PERFECT
TENSE.
( sim
amatus ) ^-^
(-a, -urn) 1 g.^
f simus
amati ) ^^^^^
(-ae, -a) | ^^^^
(sim
monitus ) ^-^
(-a,-um)|^.^
( simus
^«^it'i ) sitis
(-ae, -a) ^ ^.^^^
rectus
(-a,
Tsim
•< sis
-^^) sit
( simus
(-^^' ^) sint
156 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIL
,.^ ( sim ,-,- ( simus
auditus ] auditi ] _ .
. .< SIS , N -< SltlS
(-a, -um) J (-ae, -a) )
^ ' ^ ( sit ( sint
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
( essem -.- ( essemus
amatus ] _ amati ] _ .
. .-< esses , „^ ^sKessetis
(-a, -um) ) (-ae, -a) )
^ ' ( esset ( essent
( essem .,- ( essemus
momtus ] _ moniti ] _ .
, X -< esses , _^ s -< essetis
' ( esset ' ' ( essent
_ , ( essem - .- ( essemus
rectus ] _ recti ] _ .
. .< esses . s -^ essetis
' ( esset ' ( essent
( essem .-.- ( essemus
auditus \ _ auditi \ _ .
. K esses . . < essetis
' ( esset ' ( essent
a. Inflect the Passive Subjunctive of volnero
vinco, and vincio.
( essent
of volnero, doceo,
416. SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE.
1. Venit ut auxilium pet ere t.
!that he might seek assistance.
in order to seek assistance.
to seek assistance.
2. Misit amioum, qui auxilium peteret.
!who was to seek assistance.
in order to seek assistance.
to seek assistance.
3. Eum in vincula coniecit, ne auxilium peteret.
f that he might not seek assistance.
He imprisoned Mm \ ^^"* ^'^ ^^"""^^ ^^^^ assistance.
in order that he might not seek
I assistance.
SUBJUNCTIVE OF PURPOSE. 167
4. Monuit captivum, ne auxilium pet ere t
ithat he should not seek assistance.
lest he should seek assistance.
not to seek assistance.
a. Observe that the dependent clauses introduced by
ut, qui, and ne express ^.^z^r^^ose, the verb being in the
Subjunctive.
h. Observe that the dependent clause in example (4)
is equivalent to a noun, or substantive, used as an object
of the principal verb. Such clauses are called Substan-
tive clauses of Purpose.
417. Rule XXXVIII. The Subjunctive with ut, ne,
or a relative, is used to express Purpose.
Note. — The rule for Sequence of Tenses is observed in clauses
of Purpose.
418. DATIVE OF SEKVICE.
Milites urbi praesidio erant.
The soldiers were (for) a guard to the city,
a. Observe that praesidio is in the Dative, and that
the soldiers served as a guard to the city. Hence this
is called the Dative of Service. It is usually coupled
with another Dative forming the construction sometimes
called the Double Dative.
419. Rule XXXIX. The Dative is used to denote the
Purpose or End.
IAS5]Sr ET DEA.
420. Turn sic dicit dea Tasoni: '^ luno sum, quae
incedo reo-Tna deorum, et soror et uxor lovis ! Tii
mihi laboranti auxilio fuisti. Ego, si quando iisus
158 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XLIII.
erit, tibi auxilium feram." His yerbis e conspectu
in tenuem auram evanuit. Iiide lasoii laetissimus ad
lolcum contendit.
Interea Pelias miiis somniis graviter commotus,
Delphos misit legatum, qui ApoUinem consuleret.
Cui SIC respondit deus : '' Cave ne alieiius, unum cal-
ceum gerens, te ex tuo regno expellat." Legatus
rediit et regi nuntiavit quid deus respondisset. Eum
rex monuit ne quid de oraculo diceret. Tamen,
nescio quo mode, rumor de hac re volgatus est. Ubi
igitur lason in urbem venit, cives eum alteram cal-
ceum amisisse senserunt atque eum monuerunt ut
fugeret. At ille '' Veni," inquit '' ut criidelem tyran-
num expellerem."
421. 1. A citizen had warned me not to come
into the city. 2. The stranger is reporting what
Apollo has replied. 3. Jason will come to expel
the cruel tyrant from the city. 4. The citizens will
send a messenger to consult the oracle. 5. He was
sent to be an aid to the king in trouble.
Sight Translation. Iason et Pelias.
422. Iiide lason clamore secundo ad regiam conten-
dit. Sed Pelias — mirabile dictu — iuvenem benigne
accepit. BlandTs verbis dixit se fratris filio libenter
blandus, flattering^ bland. neg-otium, task, (Negotiate.)
sub-eo, undergo. temere, rashly.
callidus, crafty^ cunning. Athamas, king of Boeotia.
velluSj^eece. Boeotia, province in Greece.
re-fero, bring hack. (Refer.) noverca, step-mother.
DATIVE OF SERVICE. 159
cessurum esse ; piimum autem necesse esse lasonem
se fortem virum praebere. Cui lason respondit se
ad omnia peiicula subeunda paratum esse. Turn
callidus rex " Ubi mihi vellus aureum ex Colchide
rettuleris, turn tibi regiium tradam." lasoii autem
hoc difficillimum negotium temere suscepit.
De vellere aureo liaec res narratur. AthamantT,
regi Boeotiae, erant duo liberT, Phrixus et Helle.
Quos eorum noverca interficere constituit, ut suT lib-
eri regnarent. Sed deus e manibus novercae liberos
eripuit.
423. 1. Quae erat dea ? 2. Quid liino lasoni
promisit? 3. Ciir interea Pelias graviter commotus
est ? 4. Quid fecit rex ? 5. Quid respondit deus ?
6. De quo rex legatum monuit ne diceret? 7. Ubi
lason in urbem venit, quid elves dixerunt? 8.
Quid respondit lason? 9. Quo modo Pelias iuve-
nem accepit? 10. Quod difficillimum negotium
lasoni dedit? 11. Qui erant Phrixus et Helle?
12. Quis liberos interficere constituit ?
QUESTIO]SrS.
424. What is the meaning of ut and ne ? Give an example
of a Purpose clause introduced by a relative. What other ways
of expressing purpose have been given ? May the Infinitive be
used to express purpose ? (Ans. Onbj in poetry.) Give an ex-
ample of the Dative of Service. What special verbs take the
Dative ? What adjectives are followed by the Dative ?
160
LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XLIV,
LESSON XLIV.
Verbs in -io; Subjunctive of Result.
425. Verbs in -io of the Third conjugation have a
few forms in the present stem like the Fourth conjuga-
tion. Study the following :
Principal parts: capio, capere, cepi, captus.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE,
PRESENT TENSE.
I take, etc. I am taken, etc.
capi-6 capi-mus capio-r
capi-s capi-tis cape-ris or -re
capl-t capiu-nt capi-tur
capi-mur
capi-mini
capiu-ntur
IMPERFECT TENSE.
I was taking, etc. I was taken, etc.
capie-ba-m, etc.
capie-ba-r, etc.
FUTURE TENSE.
I shall take, etc. I shall be taken, etc.
capi-a-m capi-e-mus capi-a-r capi-e-mur
capi-e-s capi-e-tis capi-e-ris or -re capi-e-niini
capi-e-t capi-e-nt capi-e-tur capi-e-ntur.
PERFECT TENSE.
I took, or have taken, etc. I ivas or have been taken, etc.
cep-i, etc. capt-us, -a, -um sum, etc.
I had taken, etc.
cep-era-m, etc.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
I had been taken, etc.
capt-us, -a, -um eram, etc.
VERBS IN -Id; SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT. 161
FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.
I .hall have taken, etc. I shall have been taken, etc.
cep-er.5, etc. capt-us, -a, -urn ero, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
eapi-a-m, etc. capi-a-r, etc.
IMPERFECT TENSE.
cape-re-m, etc. cape-re-r, etc.
PERFECT TENSE.
cep-eri-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -urn sim, etc.
PLUPERFECT TENSE.
cep-isse-m, etc. capt-us, -a, -urn essem, etc.
IMPERATIVE MOOD.
PRESENT TENSE.
cape, take thou. cape-re, be thou taken,
capi-te, take ye. capi-mini, be ye taken.
FUTURE TENSE.
capi-to, thou Shalt take. capi-tor, thou shalt be taken.
capi-to, he shall take. capi-tor, he shall be taken.
capi-tote, ye shall take.
capiu-nto, they shall take. capiu-ntor, they shall be taken.
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pres. cape-re, to take. cap-i, to be taken.
Perf. cep-isse, to have taken, capt-us, -a, -urn esse, to have
been taken.
FUT. capt-urus, -a, -urn esse, capt-um iri, to be about to be
to be about to take. taken.
162 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON XLIV,
PARTICIPLES.
pRES. capie-ns, -entis, taking. Perf. capt -us, -a, -um, having
been taken.
Put. capt-urus, -a, -um, G'v'e. capie-ndus, -a, -um,
about to take. necessary to be taken,
or taking.
gerund. supine.
G. capie-ndi, of taking. Ac. capt-um, to take.
D. capie-ndo, for taking. Ab. capt-u, to take.
Ac. capie-ndum, taking.
Ab. capie-ndo, by taking.
a. Observe that verbs in -io retain the -i wherever
Fourth conjugation verbs have -i followed hy a vowel. .
Inflect in like manner, iacio, to throw.
426. SUBJUNCTIVE OF result.
1. Tanta erat tempestas nt naves reic erentur.
So great ivas the storm that the ships were driven
back.
2. Erat adeo tardus, ut non effugeret.
He was so slow^ that he did not escape.
3. Hie unus est qui non credat.
This is the only man who does not believe.
4. Accidit ut esset luna plena.
It happened that it was full jnoon.
a. Observe that these dependent clauses introduced
by ut and qui express result, and that their verbs are in
the Subjunctive mood.
h. Notice that the negative in Eesult clauses is non.
Compare the negative in Purpose clauses.
c. The dependent clause in example (3) characterizes
the man to whom reference is made. Such clauses are
VEEBS IN -10 ; SUBJUNCTIVE OF RESULT, 163
therefore sometimes said to contain a Subjunctive of
Characteristic.
d. iSTotice that the dependent clause in example (4) is
used as a substantive, being the subject of the verb
accidit. Such clauses are therefore called Substantive
Clauses of Result.
427. Rule XL. The Subjunctive is used with ut,
ut non, or a i^elative^ to express Eesult.
VELLUS AUREUM.
428. Dum saeva noverca Phrixum et Hellen cae-
dere parat, subito e niibibus pennatus aries vellere
aureo apparuit, atque liberos abstulit. Turn tantus
erat furor novercae, ut ex alta riipe in mare se demitt-
eret. Interea aries super mare terramque ad ori-
entem yolabat. Sed eheu ! ad oram Asiae, tarn
defessa erat Helle ut praeceps in pontum incideret.
Cm aquae usque ad hoc tempus nomen est Helles-
pontus, Phrixus autem incolumis in Colchida perve-
nit. Hic, ariete caeso, yellus aureum in silva sacra
Marti suspendit. Quo ex tempore vellus aureum
ingenti dracone terribili specie custodiebatur. Nemo
tam fortis inventus est, qui ad draconem accedere
auderet.
429. 1. They were so exhausted that they did not
reach the coast. 2. The ram appeared in order that
the children might not be slain by their step-mother.
3. So fierce was the dragon that they did not dare
approach the wood. 4. Jason will fly to Colchis in
order to slay the dragon. 5. No one is so brave as
to approach the fierce ram.
164 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XLIV.
Sight Translation, Iasonis Socii.
430. lason autem tarn cupidus gloriae erat ut
etiam hoc negotio non refugeret. Piimum in omnis
partis legates misit, qui clarissimTs viiis persuade-
rent ut hoc iter facerent. Ad hoc luno erat magno
auxilio lasoni. Nam dea tantam cupiditatem gloriae
viris iniecit ut mult! ex omnibus partibus Graeciae
convenirent. In hoc numero erant fratres gemini,
Castor et PoUiix, atque Hercules, fortissimus om-
nium mortalium ; Orpheus, qui carminibus saxa sil-
vasque movisse dicitur; et Meleager et Theseus, de
quibus ante demonstravimus, et multi alii clari viri.
Aderat quoque quidam Argus, qui summam scien-
tiam nauticaram rerum habebat. Interea lason
omnia, quae sunt iisui ad armandas navis, compor-
tari iusserat. Postquam omnes viri convenerunt,
Argo praecipiente, navem longam aedificaverunt,
quam ex nomine ducis Argo appellaverunt.
431. 1. Cur libeii a noverca non caesi sunt? 2.
Quid delude fecit noverca? 3. Quo volavit aries?
4. Quid accidit ad oram Asiae? 5. Quid fecit
Phrixus, ubi in Colchida pervenit? 6. Quid
vellus aureum custodiebat? 7. Cur lason hoc nego-
tio non refugit? 8. Quid piimum fecit ? 9. Quo
re-fugio, shrink from, (Ref- de-monstro, mention. (Dem-
uge.) onstrate.)
cupiditas, eagerness. (Cu- scientia, knowledge^ science.
pidity ) nauticus, nautical.
in-icio, infuse. (Inject.) armo, equip. (Arm.)
numerus, number. com-porto, collect,
prae-cipio, direct, (Precept.)
DEPONENT VEBBS.
165
modo erat luiio auxilio lasoni? 10. Qui ex om-
nibus partibus Graeciae convenerunt ? 11. Quid
interea lason iusserat? 12. Quid primum viii
fecerunt ?
QUESTIONS.
432. In what respect do verbs in -io differ from other verbs
of the Third conjugation ? Kule for clauses of Result. What
is the negative ? What negative is used in clauses of Purpose ?
What is meant by the Subjunctive of Characteristic ? What is a
Substantive clause of Result ? Give an example of the Hortatory-
Subjunctive.
LESSON XLV.
Deponent Verbs ; Verbs of Fearing ; Quin Clauses.
433. Deponent verbs are Passive in form but Active
in meaning. They are inflected in all conjugations as
follows :
Principal Parts :
hortor, hortari, hortatus.
vereor, vereri, veritus.
sequor, sequi, secutus.
potior, potiri, potitus.
INDICATIVE MOOD.
PRES.
CONJ. I.
CONJ. II.
cox J. III.
CONJ. IV.
hortor
vereor
sequor
potior
hortaris
yereris
sequeris
potiris
(-re)
(-re)
(-re)
(-re)
hortatur
veretur
sequitur
potitur
hortamur
veremur
sequimur
potimur
hortaniini
veremini
sequimini
potimini
hortantur
verentur
sequuntur
potiuntur
166
LATIN READEB. — LESSON XLV.
Imp.
liortabar
verebar
sequebar
potiebar
FUT.
hortabor
verebor
sequar
potiar
Perf.
hortiltus
veritus
secutus
potitus
sum
sum
sum
sum
Plup.
hortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
eram
eram
eram
eram
F. P.
hortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
ero
ero
ero
ero
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD.
Pkes.
liorter
verear
sequar
potiar
Imp.
hortarer
vererer
sequerer
potirer
Pekf.
hortatus
veritus
secutus
potitus
sim
sim
sim
sim
Plup.
hortatus
veritus
seciitus
potitus
essem
essem
essem
essem
IMPERATIVE MOOD,
hortare, etc. verere, etc. sequere, etc. potire, etc
INFINITIVE MOOD.
Pjres.
hortari
vereri
sequi
potiri
Perf.
hortatus
veritus
seciitus
potitus
esse
esse
esse
esse
FUT. ^
hortaturus
veriturus
seciiturus
potiturus
esse
esse
esse
esse
PARTICIPLES
Pres. hortans
FuT. hortaturus
Perf, liortatus
G'v'e. hortandus
verens sequens potiens
veriturus seciiturus potiturus
veritus seciitus potitus
verendus sequendu-s potiendus
VERBAL NOUNS.
Ger. hortandi, etc. verendi, etc. sequendi, etc. potiendi,
etc.
Sup, hortatum, -u veritum, -u secutum, -u potitum, -u
VEBBS OF FEARING. 167
a. Notice that the Future Infinitive is Active in
form as well as in meaning.
b. Observe that Deponent verbs have all four parti-
ciples. These have the same meaning as in any regular
verb, except the Perfect participle, which means having,
(not having heeri). thus:
Pres. hortans, exhorting.
YvT. liortaturus, about to exhort.
Peef. hortatus, having exhorted.
G'v'e. hortandus, necessary to he exhorted^ or exhorting.
After studying hortor and vereor, inflect in like man-
ner miror and mere or.
Kote. — Four verbs which are Active in the Present system
become Deponents in the Perfect, and are called Semi-deponent.
They are :
audeo, audere, ausus, dare.
gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus, rejoice,
fido, fidere, fisus, trust.
soleo, solere, solitus, be wont.
434. PURPOSE CLAUSES AFTER VERBS OF FEARING.
1. Vereor ut vincat. I fear that he loill not conquer.
2. Vereor ne vincat. I fear that he will conquer.
Observe that after verbs of feainng ut means that not^
while ne means that. In accordance with this rule,
example (1) may also be written thus :
Vereor ne non vincat. I fear that he will not conquer.
435. Rule XLI. Verbs of Fearing are followed by
the Subjunctive introduced by ut or ne non, meaning
that not, or by ne, meaning that.
168 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLV.
436. RESULT CLAUSES WITH QUIN.
1, Non dubito quin veniat I do not doubt that he will
come.
2. Non multum afuit quin interficeretur. Not much
was lacking but that he was killed, i.e., he was very nearly
killed.
Notice that the Eesult clauses introduced by quin are
dependent on clauses containing the negative non.
437. Rule XLII. The Subjunctive with quin may be
used to express Eesult when the main clause contains
or implies a negation.
ARGONAUTAE.
438. Omnibus rebus paratis, lason et eius socii
navem dediicunt. Mox Argonautae (nam ita appel-
lati sunt) portii provehuntur, terraeque urbesque
recedunt. Postero die Pelion et Ossam praeterve-
huntur. Procul aperitur Olympi altum caciimen
nive candidum. Hinc cursum ad dextram advertunt.
Mox Athon relinquunt, et altum mare petunt. lam
insula Lemnos apparet. Hic paucos dies morati, ite-
rum navem solvunt. Postero die per Hellespontum
in Propontida vecti, ad urbem regis Cyzici accedunt.
HTc verebantur ut benigne acciperentur. Rex enim,
quod cum finitimis gentibus bellum gerebat, omnTs
alienos ab urbe prohibebat. Ac primo quidem non
dubitavit quin Argonautae hostes essent. Sed tan-
dem certior factus quam ob causam venissent, eos
non modo in urbem accepit sed etiam donis oneravit.
qUIN CLAUSES. 169
439. 1. I did not doubt that yon would be kindly
received. 2. We were afraid that his companions
were not ready. 3. O that I had been informed
why they came ! 4. They are afraid that the
neighboring nations will wage war with them.
5. We do not doubt that he will be delayed a few
days.
Sight Translation. Argonautae et Cyzicus.
440. Tum navem conscendunt et portu provehun-
tur. Sed eadem nocte subito tanta tempestas coorta
est, ut navis, Argonautis inscientibus, in eundem
portum reiceretur. Ubi igitur hi urbem intrare cona-
bantur, cives, non dubitantes quin hostes essent, in
eos impetum fecerunt. Nee multum afuit quin
Argonautae vincerentur. Piignatum est diii atque
acriter. Tandem cives, defessi volneribus, intra
moenia urbis se receperunt. Prima liice omnes
agnoscunt se nocte deceptos esse. Sed eheu ! in
acervis cadaverum rex ipse repertus est. Deinde
Argonautae magno dolore adfecti, ingentem rogum
struxerunt, quem pictis vestibus et fulgentibus armis
decorant. In alto rogo corpus regis locant. Tum
lason aversus facem admovet. Flammae mox omnia
consiimunt. Quo facto Argonautae maesti ex urbe
ad navem discedunt.
co-orior, arise, pictus, embroidered. (Picture.)
Conor, try, fulgens, gleaming. (Re-ful-
de-cipio, deceive. gent.)
acervus, /ieop. aversus, turned away.
cadaver, corpse. (Averse.)
rogus, funeral pyre, ad-moveo, apply.
170 LATIN BEAB-EB. — LESSON XLVL
441. 1. Cur Jason et eius socii Argonautae appel-
lati sunt? 2. Quos montis primum Argonautae
viderunt ? 8. Ubi paucos dies morabantur ? 4.
Ciir verebantur ut a Cyzico benigne acciperentur ?
5. Quid fecit rex ? 6. Quid eadem nocte eis acci-
dit ? 7. Ubi urbem intrare conabantur, quid elves
fecerunt? 8. Qui yicerunt? 9. Quid prima liice
omnes -agnoscunt? 10. Ubi rex repertus est?
11. Quid fecerunt Argonautae ?
QUESTIONS.
442. What are Deponent verbs ? In what respect do they
differ from regular verbs ? Give all the participles, Latin and
English, of polliceor, I promise. How do you translate ut and
ne after verbs of Fearing ? When may quin clauses be used ?
LESSON XLVL
Ablative with Deponents ; Accusative of Extent ;
Simple Conditions.
443. Study sequor and potior in the preceding lesson ;
then write out synopses of utor and molior.
444. ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS.
1. Came et lacte vescuntur. They live on flesh and
milk.
2. Castris potiti sunt. They got possession of the camp.
Observe that vescuntur and potiti sunt are followed by
the Ablative.
ABLATIVE WITH DEPONENTS. 171
445. Rule XLIII. The Deponents utor, fruor, fungor,
potior, vescor, and their coinpoitnds^ govern the Ablative
case.
446. ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT.
Fossa quinque pedes alta. A ditch five feet deep,
Notice that quinque pedes is in the Accusative case,
and is the extent of the depth. It is therefore called
the Accusative of Extent.
447. Rule XLIV. Extent of space is expressed by
the Accusative.
448. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
INDICATIVE.
SIMPLE PRESENT.
1. Si cedit, ignavus est. If he yields, he is a covmrd.
SIMPLE PAST.
2. Si cessit, ignavus fuit. If he yielded, he was a
coward.
MORE VIVID FUTURE.
^ «-_,., .J ( If he yields (lit., shall yield
3. S.cedet (cesserit), ) ^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^ yielded), he
Ignavus erit. j .„ , .,
( will be a coward.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
LESS VIVID FUTURE.
4. Si cedat, ignavus sit. If he should yield, he would
be a coward,
CONTRARY TO FACT PRESENT.
5. Si cederet, ignavus esset. If he were yielding, he
would be a coward,
CONTRARY TO FACT PAST.
6. Si cessisset, ignavus fuisset. If he had yielded, he
would have been a coward.
172 LATIN BEADER. — LESSON XLVL
a» Notice that these sentences contain a condition, on
which a conclusion is based.
h. In the first three sentences, nothing is implied as
to the truth or falsity of the condition ; if the condition
is a fact, the conclusion follows as a fact. Hence the
Indicative is used. Now compare the last three sen-
tences.
c. Example (4) refers to the future, and vaguely sug-
gests the possibility of the person's yielding. Example
(5) distinctly implies that he is not yielding, and exam-
ple (6) that he did not yield. In these sentences there-
fore the Subjunctive is used, the Present tense to
suggest mere possibility, the Imperfect to imply impossi-
bility in the loresent, the Pluperfect to imply impossibil-
ity in the past, (Compare the tenses in the Subjunctive
of Wish.)
d. The six Conditions may be grouped according to
their names, as follows :
f Present, Indicative Present.
' 1 Past, Indicative Past.
( More vivid. Indicative Future or Future
Future, -<' Perfect.
( Less vivid. Subjunctive Present.
_ ( Present, Subjunctive Imperfect.
' ( Past, Subjunctive Pluperfect.
e. Observe that in More vivid future conditions the
Latin marks the time with far greater precision than
the English, using the Euture or Euture Perfect where
we less accurately use the Present.
Note. — In Simple past conditionals, the Imperfect Indicative
may be used to denote continued time in the past, as: Si cede-
ACCUSATIVE OF EXTENT. 173
bat ignavus erat. If he was yielding, he was a coward.
So also the Perfect Subjunctive is occasionally used in the condi-
tion of Less vivid future sentences, as: Si cesserit, ignavus
sit. If he should have yielded, he would be a coward.
449. Rule XLVI. Simple and More vivid future con-
ditions take the Indicative ; Less vivid future conditions
take tlie Present Suhjimctive ; Contrary to fact condi-
tions take the Iiwperfect Subjunctive when they refer to
present time, and the Pluperfect Subjunctive when they
refer to past time.
LUDI CmCENSES.
450. Circus Maximus Romae erat tria stadia longiis
et iinum stadium latus. Undique erant sedilia, quo-
rum in piimis senatores equitesque sedebant ; cetera
sedilia civibus Romanis gratuita erant. In altera
extrema parte erant carceres, ex quibus quadrigae
emittebantur. In medio cursii erat murus humilis
duodecim pedes latus, spina nomine, qui statuis et
columnis ornatus est. Utrimque in extrema parte
spinae erat meta, quam septies circumire necesse
erat.
Ex omnibus spectaculis, ludis Circensibus Roman!
maxime fruebantur. Nee occasio deerat. Multis
festis diebus erant public! liid!. S! imperator bene
res gessit, Romae triumplium lud!s egit. S! quis
creatus est curiilis aed!lis, magnifico miinere fiinctus
est. Etiam funera egregiorum virorum liid!s cele-
brabantur. Die constitiita, pr!ma luce multitiido
plebis ad Circum properabat ut sed!lia occuparent.
Multo ante tempus spectacul! omne sed!le tenebatur.
174: LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XLVL
Tandem sonus tubarum exanditur, et mox magnifica
pompa, consule diicente, portam intrat.
451. 1. It will be necessary to go round a low wall,
which is one stade long and three feet wide. 2. If
this is a feast day, the Romans are enjoying the
games at the Circus. 3. If I am («liall have been)
elected curule aedile, I will exhibit magnificent
games. 4. Were the walls of the Circus Maximus
three stades long? 5, If the sound of trumpets
has been heard, the Senators have taken their seats.
Sight Translation. LudT Circenses. — Concluded.
452. Denique, omnibus rebus paratTs, consul mappam
demittit, et statim ex carceribus quattuor quadrigae
emittuntur. Aurigae stantes curru vehuntur, et
colore vestis et curriis facile discernuntur. Iterum
atque iterum fervidis rotis me tarn stringunt. lam
iiltimum spatium ad carceres decurrunt. Aurigae
proni voce verbereque equos concitant. Plausii fre-
mappa, napkin. fremitus, shouting, roaring.
auriga, charioteer. linea, line.
dis-cerno, distinguish. (Dis- pugiUatio, boxing. (Pugilist.)
cern.) lanista, trainer.
fervidus, glowing. (Fervid.) MyrmiUo, a kind of gladiator.
rota, wheel. (Rotate.) Retiarius, net-fighter.
stringo, graze. fuscina, trident.
pronus, leaning forward, rete, net.
(Prone.) Thrax, gladiator in Thracian
verber, whip, lash. (Re- armor.
verberate.) sica, dagger,
con-cito, urge on. (Ex-cite.) -poller, thumb.
plausus, ap-PLAusE. premo, press down.
SIMPLE CONDITIONS, 175
mituque secundo trans albam lineam volant et victor
amplum praemium accipit.
Saepe erant alia certamina, cursus pedum, luc-
tatio, pugillatio. Valde grata plebi erat venatio,
in qua leones, eleplianti et ceterae ferae aut inter
se aut cum hominibus pugnabant. Maxime Eomani
spectaculo gladiatorum fruebantur. Hi in ludis
gladiatoriis a lanistis exercebantur. Mult is gene-
ribus telorum utebantur. Myrmniones Gallicis tells
armabantur. Retiarii fuscina et rete, Thraces sica
clipeoque piignabant. Ubi gladiator volneratus est,
multitiido 'hoc liabet' conclamabat. Si ille bene
prlgnaverat, pollices premebant atque ita ei parcebant.
Sed SI poRices verterunt, gladiator ferrum accepit.
453. 1. Quot stadia longus erat Circus Maximus?
2. Ubi erant sedilia senatorum? 8. Quid erat
spina? 4. Quoties utramque metam circumire
necesse erat? 5. Quibus liidis Romani maxime
fruebantur? 6. Ciir prima liice plebs ad Circum
properabat? 7. Quando pompa portam intrat ? 8.
Ciir consul mappam demittit? 9. Quo modo au-
iTgae discernuntur ? 10. Quid erat venatio ? 11.
Quo modo gladiatores exercebantur? 12. Ubi glad-
iator volneratus est, quid multitrido conclamabat?
13. Quid faciebant, si bene piignaverat? 14. Quid
accidit, si pollices verterunt ?
QUESTIONS.
454. What verbs govern the Ablative? Give an example
of the Accusative of Extent ? Name six kinds of conditions.
What mood and tense is used in each and why ?
176
LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIL
LESSON XLVII.
Compounds of Sum; Conditionals.
455. Possum, compounded of potis, able, and sum, is
inflected as follows :
Principal Parts : possum, posse, potui, he able.
IJS^DICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
possim
possis
possit
possem
posses
posset
Pres. I am able, can, etc.
possum possumus
potes potestis
potest possunt
Imp. I was able, could, etc.
poteram poteramus
poteras poteratis
poterat poterant
Put. I shall be able, etc.
potero poterimus
Perf. / have been able, could, etc.
potui potuimus potuerim
Plup. 7 had been able, could have, etc.
potueram potueramus potuissem
Put. Perf. I shall have been able, etc.
potuero potuerimus
possimus
possitis
possint
possimus
possitis
possent
potuerimus
potuissemus
INFINITIVE.
Pres. posse, to be able. Perf. potuisse, to have been able,
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. potens, -entis, (used as an adjective), powerful.
a. Notice that t is changed to s before s, and f is
dropped after t.
COMPOUNDS OF SUM ; CONDITIONALS. 177
Note. — In prosum, I benefit, compounded of prod (old form
of pro), for, and sum, the d is retained only before e, thus:
prosum, prodes, prodest, prodessem, profui. Other compoimds
of sum are inflected like sum.
456. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
Carefully review all that is given in the preceding
lesson on Conditional sentences. Name and translate
the following:
(Remember that you can easily determine to which of the six
classes any condition belongs by observing the mood and tense of
the verbs. )
Si laudareris, beatus esses ; si laudaberis, beatus eris : si
laudaris, beatus es ; si lauderis, beatus sis ; si laudatus
esses, beatus fuisses ; si laudatus es, beatus fuisti. Trans-
late the following conditions into Latin : If you were
being praised^ you were happy ; if you were praised, you
ivould he happy ; if you should be praised, you would be
happy ; if you had been praised, you would have been
happy ; if you are praised, you are happy ; if you are
praised, you will be happy,
HERCULES ET HYLAS.
457. lam Argon autae oram Mysiae praetervehe-
bantur. Paulo post, vento adverso, proxima litora
petiverunt, et in terram egress! sunt. Ibi Hercules
cum Hyla, puero pulcherrima forma, in silvam vena-
tum ivit. Mox Hylas cervum yidet, quem protinus
insequitur. Ea res feliciter evenisset, si Hercules
puerum seciitus esset. At ille longius in silvam pro-
greditur. Hylas autem celerem cervum volnerare
non poterat, ac diii solus in silva errabat. Denique
178 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON XLVIL
ad fontem venit, iibi bibencli causa substitit. Sed
Nympha fontis puerum pulclierrimum yidet, atque
eum, nmnibus eius coUo iniectis, ad imum fontem
detrahit. lam Hercules ad litus reverterat, sed nus-
quam Hylam repeiire poterat. Veritus ne puer
erraret, in silvam rediit. Amens hue atque illuc cur-
rit et semper longius in silvam penetrat, sed frustra.
Interea ventus se verterat. lam diii Argonautae
impatientes morae erant. Maxime Tiphys guberna-
tor SIC querebatur, ''Si Hercules et Hylas adessent,
protinus proficisci possemus."
458. 1. If lie had advanced farther into the forest,
he would have come to a spring. 2. If the stag
was pursued by Hercules, it was wounded. 3. If
you were impatient of delay, you would be com-
plaining. 4. If he stops, he will be dragged down
to the bottom of the spring. 6. If they should go
into the forest to hunt, they could see deer.
PHINEUS ET HARPYIAE.
459. Sed nee Hercules nee Hylas venit. Totam
noctem Argonautae eos exspectabant. Prima luce
lason SIC dixit : '' Nisi nostii comites mox redierint,
sine eis proficiscemur." Tum diu eos in omnis partis
Argonautae petebant. Denique maesti navem cons-
cendunt et proficiscuntur. Hand ita multo post, ad
terram venerunt, criius rex, Phineus nomine, gravis-
simo supplicio adficiebatur. Nam, quod hominibus
oc-cultus, hidden^ concealed, morior, die, (Mortal.)
(Occult.)
COMPOUNDS OF SU2f ; CONDITIONALS. 179
quasdam res occultas aperuerat, eum del oculis piiva-
verant, atqne nuper Harpy i as in eius terrain demise-
rant. Haec duo monstra, quae capita liumana sed
corpora avium habebant, semper ab ipso ore regis
cibum eripiebant. Ubi igitur Phineus, qui non mul-
tum afuit quin fame moreretur, audivit qui alien!
essent, eos in regiam arcessivit. Nam sic secum
putabat : '' Si hi viii cum Harpyiis dimicent, forte
eos yincere possint." Casii accidit ut duo ex Argo-
nautis, Zetes et Calais, alas haberent. Ubi igitur
hi de Harpyiis audiverunt, statim dixerunt se regem
liberatiiros esse. Epulis paratis, omnes mensis ac-
cumbunt. Mox monstra apparent. Sed Zetes et
Calais in auras ascendunt, et impetum in ea faciunt.
Diu et acriter piignatum est. Tandem duo yiii Har-
pyias vincunt et fugant.
460. 1. Ubi iam Argonautae erant? 2. Ciir in
terram egress! sunt? 3. Qu! in silvam venatum
!verunt? 4. Quid Hylae accidit? 5. Quid fecit
Hercules ? 6. Quis maxime querebatur, quod nee
Hercules nee Hylas aderat? 7. Quam diii Argo-
nautae comites exspectabant? 8. Quid tandem
fecerunt? 9. Quo modo de! Ph!nea piiiaverant ?
10. Qualia monstra erant Harpyiae ? 11. Qu! Har-
pyias fugaverunt?
QUESTIONS.
461. Give a synopsis of possum. Give the Imperfect Sub-
junctive of possum in full. How do the letters change in
possum ? In prosum ? Translate the following : possis,
potuisse, potueram, potuistis, potuerim, poteramius ; you
(sing.) might be able, they are able, loe might have been able^ to be
able, you (plur.) will have been able, they vnll be able.
180 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLVIIL
LESSON XLVIIL
Active and Passive Periphrastic Conjugations;
Dative of Agent; Objective Genitive.
462. The Active Periphrastic conjugation is made up
of the Future Active participle and forms of the verb
sum, as :
IN^DICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. amaturus sum, I am about to love, amaturus sim.
Imp. amaturus eram, I was about to love, amaturus essem.
FuT. amaturus ero, I shall be about to
love.
Perf. amaturus fui, I was about to love. amaturus fuerim.
Plup. amaturus fueram, I had been about amaturus fuissem.
to love.
F. P. amaturus fuero, I shall have been
about to love (rare).
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amaturus esse, to be Perf. amaturus fuisse, to have
about to love. been about to love.
463. The Passive Periphrastic conjugation is made up
of the Gerundive and forms of the verb sum, as :
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. amsindus sum, I ought to be loved. amandus sim.
Imp. amandus eram, I ought to have been amandus essem.
loved.
FuT. amandus ero, it will be necessary
that I be loved.
Pebf. amandus fui, I ought to have been amandus fuerim.
loved.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 181
Plup. amandus fueram, it had been neces- amandus fuissem.
sary that I be loved.
F. P. amandus fuero, it will have been ne-
cessary that I be loved.
INFINITIVE.
Pees, amandus esse, to be Perf. amandus fuisse, to have
necessary to be been necessary to be
loved, loved.
Note. — The difficulty of translating some tenses of the Pas-
sive Periphrastic conjugation arises from the fact that the Eng-
lish verb ought is defective. The student can always obtain the
.sense by using the meaning necessary to 6e, — as: Hoc nego-
tium suscipiendum fuit, (lit., this task was necessary to
be undertaken), This task had to be undertaken.
464. DATIVE OF AGEXT.
1. Hoc mihi faciendum est. This must be done by me.
2. Caesari omnia erant agenda. Everything had to be
done by Caesar.
Observe that the Dative is used to denote the person
on whom the necessity rests.
465. Rule XLVII, The Dative is used with the Pas-
sive Periphrastic conjugation to denote the person by
whom the action is to be done.
466. OBJECTIVE GENITIVE.
1. Amor patriae. Love of country.
2. Spes salutis. Hope of safety.
Observe that the Genitives patriae and salutis are
objects of the feeling expressed by amor and spes respect-
ively. Hence the name Objective Genitive.
182 LATIN BEABER. — LESSON XLVIII.
467. Rule XLVIII. Nouns of action and feeling are
followed by the Objective Genitive.
SYMPLEGADES.
468. Argonautae, fugatis Harpyiis, eo die apud
Phinea manserunt. Rex, gratus pro tanto beneficio,
lasoni de periculis, quae" ei subeunda essent, multa
praedixit. Postero die, nacti idoneam tempestatem
ad navigandura, navem solvunt, et mox Pontum
Euxinum intrant. Hic primum magnus timer men-
tis omnium occupavit. '' Eheu ! " dixerunt " quantum
aequor nobis liistrandum est! At, ea re bene gesta,
non dubium est quin in multo graviora pericula ven-
tiiri simus. Nam etiam si incolumes in Colchida per-
venerimus, niilla spes erit nobis monstri vincendi,
quod nemo adliuc etiam aggredi ausus sit." Dum sic
queruntur, subito terribilem fragorem exaudiunt.
Mox procul duas riipis ingenti magnitiidine cernunt,
quae parvo intervallo in marl natabant. Tum sic
dixit lason : '' Illae sunt Symplegades, de quibus
Phineus me praemonuit. Quae, si quid in medium
spatium venit, protinus incredibili celeritate con-
currunt."
469.. 1. He will forewarn them about the monster,
which must be conquered by Jason. 2. The Argo-
nauts said that they would remain with the king that
day. 3. If we had obtained suitable weather, we
would have set sail. 4. We shall have to undergo
this danger, if we intend to (are about to) arrive in
Colchis. 5. There was no hope of sailing on the
following day.
PERIPHRASTIC CONJUGATIONS. 183
Sight Translation. Symplegades. — Concluded.
470. Qua re audita, Argonautae perterriti sunt.
Nee quidem multum afuit quia domum repetere
constituerent. Quos autem lason sic increpuit:
'^ Ubi nunc, socii, est iste amor gloriae ? Nonne in-
columes per tot pericula cursum tenuimus? Revo-
cate animos. Certe luno in tanto discrimine nobis
non deerit." Vix dicendi finem fecerat, cum colum-
bam in medium spatium intrare vident. Protinus
ingentes rupes concurrunt. Sed tanta celeritate co-
lumba volavit, ut incolumis, cauda amissa, evaderet.
Tum Argonautae non dubitantes quin dea ipsa
viam monstraret, remis incumbunt. Citius Nolo
voluciique sagitta volat Argo in angustum fretum.
Ingens mons aquae sequens eos obruere minatur.
lam utrimque rupes terribili celeritate concurrunt.
Tum Argonautae summa contentione remis procum-
bunt. Prosilit Argo per reliquum spatium atque
intactus in altum mare evadit.
471. 1. Quo modo Phineus probavit se Argonautis
gratum esse? 2. Quando magnus timor mentis
in-crepo, cliide^ rebuke. volucer, fleets swift.
dis-crimen, crisis. (Discrim- fretum, strait, channel.
ination.) minor, threaten.
columba, dove. ob-ruo, overwhelm.
Cauda, tail. (Caudal.) con-tentio, effo7% exertion.
remus, oar. (Contention.)
in-cumbo, bend. (Incum- pro-cumbo, bend forward.
bent.) pro-silio, leap forward.
cito, quickly. in-tactus, untouched, intact.
Notus, the south wind.
184 LATIN BEABER. — LESSON XLIX,
Argonautarum occupavit? 3. Quid maxime time-
bant? 4. Quid subito exaudinnt ? 6. Quid mox
cernunt ? 6. Quid accidit, sT quid inter rupis venit ?
7. Quis solus ex ArgonautTs Symplegadas non ti-
muit? 8. Quam iam in medium spatium intrare
vident? 9. Quid deinde accidit? 10. Num Ar-
gonautae in angustum fretum intrare audent ? 11.
Quid e venit?
QUESTIONS.
472. Of what does the Active Periphrastic conjugation con-
sist ? What is the Passive Periphrastic conjugation ? What
case is used to denote the agent with the Passive Periphrastic
conjugation ? How is the agent usually expressed with Passive
verbs ? Give an example of the Objective Genitive. Why is it
so called ?
LESSON XLIX.
Irregular Verb Eo ; Cum Temporal, Causal, and
Concessive.
473. Principal Parts : Eo, ire, ivl or il, iturus, go.
INDICATIVE
•
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
eo
imus
earn
eamus
IS
itis
eas
eatis
it
eunt
eat
eant
Imp.
ibam
irem
Put.
ibo
Perf.
ivi or ii
iverim or ierim
Plup.
iveram or ieram
ivissem
or issem
F. P.
ivero or iero
VERB EO ; CUM TEMPORAL.
185
IMPEKATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. i
ite
Pres. ire
FuT. ito
itote
Perf. ivisse, or isse
ito
eunto
FuT. iturus esse
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. iens, euntis
FuT. iturus
Perf. itum 1
G'v'e. eundus
GERUND.
eundi, eundo, eundum, eundo
Ac.
SUPINE.
itum Ab. itu
474.
CUM TEMPORAL.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Cum Athenis essem, Zeno-
nem audiebam. I used to
hear Zeno, when I was at
Athens.
Cum in fuga traheretur, in
ipsum Caesareni incidit.
While he was being
dragged along inflight, he
happened upon Caesar him-
self.
Cum. pervenisset, ea cog-
novit. When he had ar-
rived, he ascertained these
facts.
Haec cum. dixisset, pro-
cedit extra munitiones.
After saying this, he pro-
ceeded outside the fortiflca-
tions.
a. In clauses introduced by cum, meaning when, if
the writer wishes to emphasize merely the time when
Nam in ceteris rebus, cum.
venit calamitas, tum det-
rimentum accipitur. For
in everything else, the damage
is received at the time when
the disaster comes.
Cum. Caesar venit, alterius
factionis principes erant
Haedui. At the time when
Caesar came, the Haedui
were leaders of one faction.
Cum. rosam viderat, tum
incipere ver arbitrabatur.
When he had seen a rose,
then did he think spring 2vas
commencing.
Used only impersonally.
186 LATIN BEABER. —LESSON XLIX.
an action is done, he uses the Indicative. If, however,
he wishes to suggest further that one action depends on
another, he uses the Subjunctive. Thus, in the first
example above in the right hand column, the writer not
only states that he heard Zeno when he was at Athens,
but, by using the Subjunctive, he further suggests that
his hearing Zeno depended on his being at Athens. ,
b. Since, however, in narrating past events^ it is nat-
ural for a person to think of the dependence of one action
on another, the Subjunctive is generally used in the Im-
perfect and Pluperfect tenses, as seen in the examples
above.
475. Rule XLIX. In narration, cum, meaning when,
is followed by the Imperfect or Pluperfect Subjunctive.
476. CUM CAUSAL.
1. Quae cum ita sint, discedamus. Since these things
are so, let us depart.
2. Caesar cum constituisset hiemare in continent!,
obsides imperat. Caesar, since he had decided to winter on
the continent, ordered hostages to be provided.
CUM CONCESSIVE.
3. Cum consilium tuum probarem, nihil proficiebam.
Although I approved your plan, I was accomplishing nothing.
4. Cum. primi ordines concidissent, tamen acerrime
reliqui resistebant. Although the first ranks had fallen,
still the rest resisted most fiercely.
Observe that in the first two examples, cum, mean-
ing since, is followed by the Subjunctive. Likewise in
the last two, cum, meaning although, is followed by the
Subjunctive.
»
CUM CAUSAL AND CONCESSIVE. 187
477. Rule L. Cum causal or co7icessive is followed by
the Subjunctive.
lASON ET MEDEA.
478. Multos dies Argonautae ad orientem provehe-
bantur. Tandem procul summa caciimina Caucasi
cernunt. Prima vigilia subeunt ostia fliiminis Phas-
idos, qui per finis Colcborum fluit. Hic, cum ad
finem cursiis pervenissent, tarn en magno timore adfi-
ciebantur. Nam ad urbem magni regis appropinqua-
bant. Mane lason, cum novem comites delegisset,
ad urbem profectus est. Quo ipso tempore, forte
Medea, filia regis, caterva virginum comitante, sacri-
ficandi causa ad liicum Hecates ibat. Cui igitur
lason obviam ivit. Ille autem, cum incertus esset,
quo via duceret, a Medea viam ad regiam quaesivit.
Cm Medea moenia urbis monstravit. Cum autem
alien! discessissent, Medea mirabatur unde hi viri
venissent, et maxime quis dux esset. Nam lason
erat vir egregia specie, et reliquos comites altis ume-
ris supereminebat.
479. 1. Since you are a stranger, I will show you
the way. 2. Although they had entered the mouth
of the river, they had not reached the end of their
voyage. 3. When Medea was going toward the
river, she met Jason. 4. Nine comrades must be
selected by the leader, to accompany him to the
palace. 5. On meeting him (when he had met
him), he inquired where he was going.
188 LATIN READER. — LESSON XLIX.
PERFIDUS REX.
480. Interea Argonautae in regiam pervenerunt,
atque sine mora ad regem Aeetam adniissi sunt.
Turn regi lason dixit quam ob causam Argonautae
in Colchida venissent. Rex, cum re vera valde Tra-
tus esset, tamen callide respondit : ante omnia bellum
cum fratre Perse sibi gerendum esse ; hoc confecto,
se vellus aureum Argonautis libenter traditiirum esse.
lason, cum hoc audivisset, pollicitus est se regi ad
id bellum auxilium datiirum esse. Sine mora rex
cum suo fratre bellum gerere incipit. Omnibus in
locTs Argonautae ingentem cladem hostium faciunt.
Tandem Perses, omni spe regni potiendi deposita, e
finibus regis exiit. Inde lason, cum bellum confec-
tum esset, postulavit ut vellus aureum sibi tradere-
tur. Cui SIC respondit rex : '' Non iam te morabor.
Audi; tibi ostendam quae facienda sint. In finitimo
campo sunt duo aeripedes et flammifeii tauri. Hi
tibi piimum iungendi sunt. Deinde, campo arato,
dentes draconis serendi sunt."
481. 1. Ad quod flumen tandem Argonautae ve-
niunt? 2. Cur magno timore adficiebantur ? 3.
Quis postero die ad urbem profectus est? 4. Cui
obviam ivit? 5. Quid lason a Medea quaesivit?
6. Quid Medea mirabatur ? 7. Nonne rex iratus
erat, cum audivisset quam ob causam Argonautae
venissent? 8. Quid rex dixit? 9. Fueruntne
re vera, in fact. fiRinini-fer, fire-breathing.
poUiceor, promise. aro, plough. (Arable.)
aeri-pes, bronze-footed. sero, soiv.
^
IBBEGULAB VERB FEBO.
189
Argonautae auxilio regi in bello? 10. Quid pos-
tulavit lason, cum bellum confectum esset? 11.
Quid respondit rex ?
QUESTIONS.
482. Write out a synopsis of eo, giving the Present Indica-
tive and Subjunctive in full. Explain the use of moods with
cum meaning when. Kule for cum in narration. Kule for
cum causal and concessive. Translate the following: iverunt,
eamus, i, eunt, ivisse, ibat, ivissetis ; to go, he may have
gone, they will go, you (singular) are going, I might go, we
had gone.
LESSON L.
Irregular Verb Fero ; Duna, Donee, and Quoad ;
Antequam and Priusquam.
483. Principal Parts : Fero, f erre, tuli, latus, heai^ carry.
ACTIVE.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres.
fero
ferimus
feror
ferimur
fers
fertis
ferris or -re
ferimini
fert
ferunt
fertur
feruntur
Imp.
ferebam
ferebar
FUT.
feram
ferar
Perf.
tuli
latus sum
Plup.
tuleram
latus eram
F. P.
tulero
latus ero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
feram
ferar
Imp.
Perf.
ferrem
tulerim
ferrer
latus sim
Plup.
tulissem
latus essem
190
LATIN BEABEB.
■LESSON L.
IMPERATIVE.
Pkes. feri ferte ferre ferimini
FuT. ferto fertote fertor —
ferto ferunto fertor feruntor
Pres. ferre
Perf. tulisse
FuT. laturus esse
INFINITIVE.
ferri
latus esse
latum iri
Pres. ferens
FuT. laturus
PARTICIPLES.
Perf. latus
G'v'e. ferendus
gerund. supine.
G. ferendi Ac. ferendum Ac. Ia4um
D. ferendo Ab. ferendo Ab. latu
484. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH DUM, DONEC, AND QUOAD.
INDICATIVE.
Dum haec geruntur, re-
liqui discesserunt. While
these things -were going on,
the rest departed.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Rusticus exspectat, dum
defluat amnis. The coun-
tryman is icaiting (lit. until
the river shall flow by) for
the river tofloio by.
a, Notice that when dum means tvhile, and simply
marks the fact that one action happens during another,
the Indicative is used. The Present tense is preferred.
b. Observe, however, that when dum means ttntil, and
implies purpose, doubt, or futurity, it takes the Subjunc-
tive.
IN'oTE. — Donee and quoad are used, though less frequently,
in the same way.
1 Four verbs drop final -e in the imperative; viz., dico, duco, facio, and
fero.
BUM, BONEC, AND QUOAD. 191
485. Rule LI. Dum, donee, and quoad, implying pur-
pose, doubt, or futurity, take the Subjunctive, otherwise
the Indicative.
486. SUBJUNCTIVE WITH ANTEQUAM AND PRIUS-
QUAM.
INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE.
Neque prius fugere desti- Priusqua^m se hostes ex
terunt quam ad flumen terrore reciperent, in
Rhenum pervenerunt, finis Suessionum exerci-
They did not cease fleeing turn duxit. Before the
before they came to the enemy could recover from
river Rhine. fright, he led his army into the
territory of the Suessiones.
a. l^otice that the Indicative is used with priusquam
to denote simply that one action happened before an-
other. (Priusquam may be separated by intervening
words as in the example illustrating the use of the
Indicative.)
b, Notice that the Subjunctive is used with prius-
quam, when any further relation exists. Thus in the
example above there is an idea oi possibiliti/, as well as
of priority of time.
487. Rule LII. With antequam and priusquam the
Indicative is used to express mere priority of time, the
Subjunctive to express 2.vcj further relation.
POTEinE-ISSIMUM UNGUENTUM.
488. lason, cum tyranni verba audivisset, iratus
sic respondit : '' Praeclaram vero gratiam, Aeeta,
nobis refers pro nostiis tantis beneficiis ! Ego tamen
non sum is, qui peiiculum vitet. Priusquam sol
192 LATIN READEB. — LESSON L,
crastinus occidet, aut tua iiissa conf ecero, aut per-
iero." His verbis discessit, et maestus ad socios se
contulit. Rex autem valde gavisus est, quod cre-
didit nullum mortalem flammiferos tauros domare
posse. Interea Medea incerta erat, quid faceret.
Solvit enim lasonem sine auxilio peritiirum esse.
Dili haerebat. Tandem ei clam auxilium ferre decre-
vit. Exspectavit dum omnes somno se darent. Turn
priusquam vigiliae eam caperent, ex regia evasit,
et ad fliimen pervenit. Hic subsistit incerta quid
faciat. Subito lasonem ipsum cernit. Ille enim qui-
escere non potuerat, atque solus in ripa vagabatur.
Quern Medea sic breviter appellat: " Ne time, lason.
Ego sum Medea, filia regis, quae veni ut tibi auxili-
um feram." His verbis ei potentissimum unguentum
dat, quod ipsa composuerat. Nam summam scientiam
medicamentorum habebat. Tum Medea, cum Tasoni
explicuisset quo modo unguento iiteretur, et quid
delude faciendum esset, ad regiam rediit.
489. 1. To-morrow's sun will set before you can
subdue the fire-breathing bulls. 2. While she was
escaping from the palace, the guards seized her.
3. They had come to bring her assistance. 4. His
comrades departed before he could execute the king's
commands. 5. She waited until Jason should
bring her assistance.
Sight Translation. Flammiferi TaurT.
490. Mane lason niintium ad regem misit, qui
draconis dentis referret. Delude, cum suum corpus
ANTEQUAM AND PBIUSQUAM. 193
amiaque unguento unxisset, cum Argonautis ad cam-
pum proticiscitur. Hic duos ingentis tauros ex sta-
bulis emergere vident. Mox illi alienos cernunt.
Parumper stant, dum terram aereis pedibus pulsant
et flammas e naribus exspirant. Turn horribili mu-
gitu accedunt. lason intrepidus stat, dum reliquT
Argonautae se in tutiorem locum recipiunt. lam
feroces tauii in lasonem invadunt. Subito, mirabile
dictu ! sistunt atque se convertunt. Sed, priusquam
effugerent, lason prosilit, atque eos comprehendit.
Neque hi, cum summis viiibus niterentur, eius
manus excutere poterant. Tandem perdomiti, se
iungi patiuntur. Deinde lason campum arat, ac dra-
conis dentis sulcis committit. Ex quibus venit mira
seges armatorum virorum. De Ins autem Medea
lasonem praemonuerat. lUe igitur sine mora in
medios viros suam galeam iniecit. Quo facto, viri
inter se pUgnare inceperunt, atque mox ad unum
caesT sunt.
491. 1. Reciisavitne lason iiissa regis? 2. Cur
rex gavisus est? 3. Ciir diu haerebat Medea?
4. Quid tandem fecit? 5. Quem in ripa cernit?
6. Quid lasoni dat? 7. Quid deinde Medea facit?
8. Quo modo lason unguento iisus est? 9. Quid
fecerunt tauri, cum Argonautas cernerent? 10. Ciir
stabulum, stall, stable. sisto, stop. (De-sist.)
parum-per, for a little ichile, nitor, struggle,
pulso, paw, beat. (Pulse.) patior, suffer, allow. (Pa-
naris, nostril. (Nasal.) tient.)
ex-spiro, breathe out (Ex- sulcus, furrow.
spire.) seges, crop.
194
1LATIN BE AVER, — LESSON LI.
tauri sistunt priusquam ad lasonem pervenirent?
11. Qualis seges venit ex sulcis? 12. Quo modo
lason armatos viros superat?
QUESTIONS.
492. Give a synopsis of fero, Active and Passive, writing the
Present Indicative of both voices in full.- What tense of the
Subjunctive of fero is irregular ? How does dum differ in mean-
ing when used with the Indicative or the Subjunctive ? When
do dum, donee, and quoad take the Subjunctive ? When do
antequam and priusquam take the Subjunctive ? Translate
the following: feramus, tulisse, ferebaris, lati essetis, fer-
rent, ferri, tulerit, ferunto, fert ; I might have carried, you
(plural) had been canned, to be about to be carried, we shall
carry, he was carried, you (singular) may have been carried, to
have been carried, thou shalt be carried.
LESSON LI.
Irregular Verbs Volo, Nolo, Malo; Subjunative
in Indirect Discourse.
493. Principal Parts :
Volo, velle, volui, be willing, wish.
Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling,
Malo, malle, malui be more willing, prefer.
Pkes.
INDICATIVE.
volo
nolo
malo
VIS
non vis
mavis
volt (vult)
non volt (non
vult)
ma volt (mavult)
volumus
nolumus
malumus
voltis
non voltis
ma voltis
(vultis)
(non vultis)
(ma vultis)
volunt
nolunt
malunt
IRBEGULAB VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 195
Imp.
volebam
nolebam
malebam
FUT.
vol am
nolam
malam
Perf.
volui
nolui
malui
Plup.
volueram
nolueram
malueram
F. P.
voluero
noluero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
maluero
Pees.
velim
nolim
malim
veils
nolis
malis
velit
nolit
malit
velimus
nolimus
malimus
velitis
nolitis
malitis
velint
nolint
malint
Imp.
vellem
noUem
mallem
velles
nolles
malles
vellet
nollet
mallet
vellemus
noUemus
mallemus
velletis
nolletis
malletis
vellent
noUent
mallent
Perf.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
imperative.
maluissem
Pres.
noli
nolite
nolito, etc,
INFINITIVE.
Put.
Pres.
velle
nolle
malle
Perf.
voluisse
noluisse
participle.
maluisse
Pres.
volens
nolens
a. Nolo is compounded of the negative ne + volo.
Malo = mage (more) + volo.
196 LATIN READER. — LESSOJSF LI.
494. INDIRECT DISCOURSE.
The student will recall the general rule that verbs of
saying, thinking, knoiuing, and perceiving are followed
by the Infinitive with a subject-accusative. Examine
the following examples:
a, SUBORDINATE CLAUSES.
DIRECT.
Germani, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, inter se obsides
dant. The Germans, who dwell across the Rhine, are exchan-
ging hostages.
INDIRECT.
Dicit Germanos, qui trans Dixit Germanos, qui trans
Rhenum incolant, inter Rhenum incolerent, in-
se obsides dare, ifesays ter se obsides dare. He
that the Germans, ivho dwell said that the Germans, who
across the Rhine, are ex- dwelt across the Rhine,
changing hostages, were exchanging hostages.
Observe that, in the Subordinate clause introduced by
qui, the verb — which is in the Indicative mood in the
Direct Discourse — becomes Subjunctive in the Indirect.
Notice also that the rule for Sequence of Tenses holds
good in Indirect Discourse.
b, COMMANDS.
DIRECT.
Veni ad me, si potes. Come to me, if you can,
INDIRECT.
Respondet veniat ad se, Respondit venlret ad se,
si possit. He replies that si posset. He replied that
he may come to him, if he he might come to him, if
can. Jie could.
IRBEGULAB VERBS VOLO, NOLO, MALO. 197
Observe that the Imperative in the Direct Discourse
is changed to the Subjunctive in the Indirect.
Mild comviaiids with the Hortatory Subjunctive in
Direct Discourse retain the Subjunctive in the Indirect,
thus :
DIRECT.
Redeat ad me, cum volet. Let him return to me, when
he pleases.
INDIRECT.
Respondet redeat ad se, Respondit rediret ad se,
cum velit. He replies that cum vellet. He replied
he may return to him, when that he might return to him,
he pleases. when he pleased.
Notice that the First and Second persons in the Direct
Discourse are usually changed to the Third person in the
Indirect.
e. QUESTIONS.
DIRECT.
Quid agam ? What am I to do ?
INDIRECT.
Respondet: Quid agat? Respondit : Quid ageret?
He replies : What is he to He replied : What was he
do? to do?
Most questions in connected speeches are rhetorical,
i.e., they are asked for effect^ and imply their own
answer. They often suggest a doubt, and take the Sub-
junctive even in Direct Discourse, as in the example
given above. In Indirect Discourse, such questions
generally take the Subjunctive.
198 LATIN BEABEB. — LESSON LL
The conclusions to be drawn from the foregoing illus-
trations may be summarized as follows :
495. Rule LIII. In Indirect Discourse^ the Subjunc-
tive is used in commands, questions, and in all subordi-
nate clauses.
MEDEAE FUGA.
496. lason, omnibus laboribus confectis, cum sociis
ad navem rediit. Rex autem, cum lasonem nego-
tium confecisse audivisset, primum obstupuit, deinde
in suam filiam saevire coepit. Scivit enim Medeam
iinam esse quae lasoiiT auxilium ferre potuisset.
Cum tamen iam nox esset, statuit diem sibi exspec-
tandum esse. Dixit autem se prima liice in perfidam
filiam animadversiirum esse, quae suum patrem ali-
enis prodere voluisset.
Medea, his minis auditis, vehementer commota est.
Scivit enim Aeetam hominem esse barbarum et ira-
cundum. Quid faceret? Non dubium esse quin, sT
in regia maneret, sua vita magno in peiiculo esset.
Praeterea nisi lason de consiliis regis certior facere-
tur, ilium cum omnibus sociTs peritiirum esse.
Talia in animo volvens, diu incerta erat. Tandem
fugere decrevit. Iterum e regia elapsa ad lipam
fiiiminis pervenit. Hic lasonem invenit. Ille enim
eius adventum exspectabat. Tum Medea docuit unam
esse spem saliitis si fugam experirentur ; regem pri-
ma liice cum omnibus copiis ventiirum esse ; sine
mora in navem conscenderent et fugerent.
INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 199
Note. — Before translating the following sentences into Latin,
change the English into the Latin form. Thus the first sentence
will read : Medea knew Jason her arrival to he about to await,
497. 1. Medea knew that Jason would await her
arrival. 2. The king said that they might remain
in the palace if they wished. 3. Jason knew that
the king would be very angry, when he heard this.
4. They reply : What are they to do ? If they
remain, their lives will be in great danger. 5.
Jason knows that Medea is the only (person) who
can bring him assistance.
Sight Translation. Medea et Draco.
498. At lason respondit : Se hoc modo nolle dis-
cedere. Num ad patriam sine vellere aureo, propter
quod et ipse et fortes socii tot labores pertulissent,
redire posset? Se malle mori quam, re infecta,
ex Colchide discedere.
Inde Medea lasonem sequi iussit ; se eum ad
vellus aureum ductiiram esse. Protinus virgo rapido
passii in densam silvam penetravit. lason ducem
subsequitur. Subito lason ingentem flammam con-
in-fectus, unaccomplished. horreo, bristle.
passus, step., pace. offa, cake.
s\xb-^eq}jiox, follow closely. mel, honey,
vibro, gleam. (Vibrate.) medicatus, magic,
rubor, redness. (Ruby.) soporatus, sleep-causing,
sanguineus, blood-red, guttur, throat, (Guttural.)
crista, crest. pando, open., ea:-PAND.
am-plector, encircle. humi, on the ground.
sibila, hissings. (Sibilant.) iaceo, lie. (Ad-jacent.)
200 LATIN READER. — LESSON LL
spicit. Tenebrae saeva luce vibrant. Turn quaerit
lason, "Quid estnlle rubor? Quid tarn subito re-
fulsit." Cm Medea respondet eum dracoiiis oculos
conspicere ; ilium sanguineis cristis sTc f ulgere.
Brevi postea lason ipse draconem cernere potest.
Ille immensis orbibus arborem amplexus, iam caput
toUit et horrenda sibila emittit. CuT Medea, videns
collum iam liorrere, offam melle et medicatis friigi-
bus soporatam obicit. Ille ingens guttur pandens,
offam corripit. Iam que monstri altae cristae cadunt,
atque caput et ingens cervix humi iacent.
499, 1. Quam rex culpavit, cum lasonem nego-
tium confecisse audivisset? 2. Quid dixit rex, se
prima liice factiirum esse ? 3. Qualis homo erat
Aeeta? 4. Quid Medea facere decrevit? 5. Quem
ad ripam fliiminis invenit? 6. Quae Argonautis
erat una spes salHtis? 7. Crir lason hoc modo
discedere noluit? 8. Ubi Medea lasonem ducit?
9. Q-uid subito lason conspicit? 10. lasoni de hoc
rubore quaerenti quid Medea respondet ? 11. Quid
facit draco, ubi lasonem cernit ? 12. Quo modo
Medea effecit ut draco dormiret?
QUESTIONS.
500. In what clause is the Infinitive with Subject- Accusative
used in Indirect Discourse ? Wliat mood is used in Subordinate
clauses ? How are commands and questions expressed ? Give
synopses of volo, nolo, and malo, writing the Indicative Present
in full. Translate the following : noluissetis, ma volt, volemus,
noUes, maluerint, voluisse, noii vis, malimus, nolle ; we were
unwilling^ you (singular) had wished^ they might prefer^ he ye
unwilling^ I preferred^ you (plural) will have wished^ to prefer^
they will icish, they may wish, they might wish.
IRREGULAR VERB FIO.
201
LESSON LI I.
Irregular Verb Flo.
501. Principal Parts : Flo, fieri, factus, be made,
come.
be-
INDICATIVE
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
fio
fimus
fiam fiamus
fis
fitis
fias fiatis
fit
fiunt
fiat fiant
Imp.
flebam
fierem
FUT.
fiam
Perf.
factus sum
factus sim
Plup.
factus eram
factus essem
F. P.
factus ero
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
fi
fite
Pres. fieri
FUT.
fito
fitote
Perf. factus esse
fito
fiunto
FuT. factum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Perf.
factus
G'v'e. faciendus
. Fio
is used
as the
Passive of facio, Notice that
a
the -i is long, except before -er.
VELIiUS AUREUM.
502. Jason, cum denique draconem dormire vidis-
set, magnam arborem, sub qua ingens monstrum ex-
tenditur, aspicit. Per ramos auii fulgorem conspicit.
Turn ei quaerenti viam, qua se ad caput arboris
ferret, Medea respondet necesse esse ei arborem as-
cendere, si praemio potirT velit. Nee mora fit. Sine
uUo sonitii dormientem draconem transilit, atque ad
caput arboris ascendit. lam avidus manum por-
202 LATIN BEADEB. — LESSON LIL
rigit et yellus optatum corripit. Turn celeriter ex
arbore descendit. Taciti ipse et Medea ab loco dis-
cedunt, et per silvam vestigia repetunt. Ubi vero
sociis, qui anxio animo ducem exspectabaiit, per
tenebras aureus fulgor apparet, magnus clamor in
caelum surgit. lason gaudens ad ripam incedit,
atque prius vellus aureum in puppim mittit. Deinde
Medeae persuadet ut patriam relinquat et secum ad
Thraciam proficiscatur. Piimum virgo ire noluit.
Tandem autem lasoni spondenti se cam in matri-
monium ducturum esse, cum piimum in tiitum lo-
cum pervenissent, concedit. Tum laeti Argonautae
navem solvunt et prima Irice ad ostia fluminis appro-
pinquabant.
503. 1. The Argonauts rejoiced when they saw
the gleam of the golden fleece. 2. It will be neces-
sary for you to go to the river, if you Avish this to be
done. 3. Jason replied that he could see the fleece
in the branches of the tree, under which the dragon
was sleeping. 4. Did Jason persuade Medea to
leave her country? 5. You must climb the tree,
if you wish to obtain the golden fleece.
REDITUS ARGOIJAUTARUM.
504. Interea mane riimor Argonautas discessisse
per urbem volat atque mox ad auiis regis venit.
Ille suspicans id quod erat, Medeam per regiam
quaerit, sed nequiquam. Inde furens ad fliimen
fertur. lam lipae cTvibus complentur, qui omnes
unam in partem spectant. Procul Aeeta puppim
IBBEGULAB VERB FIO. 203
navis cernit, quae iam e conspectu eveliitur. Brevi
postea nuntius regem certiorem fecit, Argonautas
cum Medea et vellere aureo ex eius manibus effugisse.
Interea Argonautae secundo vento diem noctem-
que per undas volant. Cum tandem ad ostia Histii
pervenissent, in terram egrediuntur et laetissimas
niiptias celebrant. Tum iterum navem solvunt. Per
varios casus, per multa pericula cursum tenent, et
denique cum vellere aureo in portum lolci inveliuntur.
Multae aliae res a Latinis scriptoribus de lasone
et Medea narrantur. Quas res autem discipulus ipse
nunc Latine legere potest.
505. 1. Quid per ramos arboris lason conspicit?
2. Quid necesse erat ei facere ut vellere aureo po-
tiretur? 3. Quid faciunt socii ubi aureum fulgo-
rem cernunt ? 4. Quid lason Medeae persuadet
ut faciat? 5. Nonne Medea ire volt? 6. Ubi
prima luce erant Argonautae ? 7. Qui rumor mane
ad auris regis venit ? 8. Quid fecit rex ? 9. De
quo mox c^rtior factus est ? 10. Ubi Argonautae
nuptias celebrant? 11. In quem portum denique
inveliuntur? 12. Ubi nunc discipulus ipse de
lasone et Medea multas alias res legere potest?
QUESTIONS.
506. How is fio used ? When is the -i of fio long ? Give a
synopsis of fio, writing the Present Indicative and Subjunctive
in full. Translate the following : factum erit, fieri, fietis,
facta essent, fi ; it may he done^ to be about to be done, they
might be done, having been done,
auris, ear. (Aural.) Latine, in Latiis^.
Hister, Danube river. lego, read. (Lecture.)
204
DECLENSION OF NOUNS.
I-
o
JO
S «J M
>
■ CD
Ptj
03 ,H iH S
10 10 10 0 10
1 1 1 1 1
za u fi xn Xi
10 10 10 10 10
1 1 1 i 1
^
1 1 1
N 1
>
1— 1
1
1 ■?
^^^
ipi
^
-US
-ui(
-um
09 09
i^ ipi
1 1
;^*
S .2
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(N
'
fe
a?
0 ^
1 ^
^
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s
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f ?
b3
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0
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g
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^
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xn xn
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1
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-is
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^
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^
fe'
0 0 s ,
-ae
-arum
-is
-as
-is
c3 c3 ^ 03 ICC
1 1 1 1 1
. . 6 ^
. . . Q M
1^ O G <1 -<
;^ o Q -< ^
Y
OQ
•av^moxis
•^ivan^ia
a s «2
1
03 IrH irH S
3 pj 13
M ^ ,Q 09 ,Q
10
10 10 10 0 10
10 10 10 10 10
TJ
73 ^ 'O '« xs
r^ X3 'd -O T3
I
i?j i§ ifi i;:S ipi
a g g
fl fl fl fl c
fl fl fl G C
fc^ t. tH :-, f-,
S- fc- t. fr- fcH
o
o o O O O
o o o o o
o
u o o o o
o o o « w
§3 S
^
09 09 irH n
C fl C fl fl
fl fl fl s ;:
^ ^ o5 c3 ^
03 03 03 03 c3
a
a a 2 s s
a a a a a
r1 02 09
§ f3 pi
1
ro
_C3 g jD _^ rQ
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0 «M IH 0 iH
w
jlh ;h J- fcH S
't^ 'u 'u 'u 'u
ce
03 03 o3 oi c3
o3 o3 03 03 03
g
a s a a a
a a a a a
?
^
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'xn
as'l^
^
_ I
09 rj O «5 ^
;-i ^ tH ;_ :h
;_ :^ ;-> (h ;_
K)
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3 13 S S S
S J3 3 13 3
o
+3
+3 +3 -tJ ■+J +3
^ ^ ^ -fJ +s
i^
ita
itum
itibus
ita
itibus
§
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^ .2 .H ^ 0
3 .t:; .t^ 3 .t^
q
8*
a, i2, Oi Ph Oi
ft ft ft ft ft
c3
03 03 ee 03 S^
03 03 03 c« 03
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o « o « o
o O o o «
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4
.2 IH 0 0
M tJ3 bo be t>o
be he bfi be tiC
10
iq; kd iiX> icd I'D
lo; ICU l<» lOJ KD
u
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6
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«2 g
p3 ,ph lO ?i lO
.hI.2.§.2
>>->>>.
> > > > >
^
^ Ci Ci C< Eh
s^, il, ;_ ;-, ^1
0
(jj OJ 0) OJ 0)
oi a» 0» a> a»
09
CO CO CG CO cc
C» CO CO CO CO
i 1 ,S .§ ,2
i
0 0 s
^ CS Co CS ICq
^
^_> ^J -M -M +3
+J ^_) ^J +3 -M
^4 Sh ^ M f-l
^ ^ ;h f^ Sh
O
o o o o o
O O O O O
P4
ft ft a ft a
ft ft ft ft ft
. . . 6 P3
. . . d P3
&3
;z;o Pi <1 ^
;^ O ft <1 <i
H
Y
cc
•Hvinoms
•nyamj
NOUNS.
205
TABLES
OF
DECLENSION AND CONJUGATION.
508.
KOUNS.
FIRST DECLENSION. — A STEMS.
SINGULAR.
N. porta, a gate.
G. portae, of a gate, or, a gate^s,
D. portae, to or for a gate.
Ac. portam, a gate.
PLURAL.
portae, gates.
portarum, of gates, or, gates'.
portis, to or for gates.
portas, gates.
Ab. porta, from, with, or by a gate, -portis, from, with, or by gates
509. SECOND DECLENSION. -O STEMS.
slave (m.) boy {m.) field (m.) man (m.) temple^n.')
SINGULAR.
N.
servus
puer
ager
vir
templum
G.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
templi
D.
servo
puero
agro
viro
templo
Ac.
servum
puerum
agrum
vinim
templum
Ab.
servo
puero
agro
PLURAL.
viro
templo
N.
servi
pueri
agri
viri
templa
G.
servorum
puerorum
agrorum
virorum
templorum
D.
servis
pueris
agris
viris
templis
Ac.
servos
pueros
agros
viros
templa
Ab.
servis
pueris
agris
viris
templis
206
LATIN READER.
Note. — The Vocative Singular of Second Declension nouns
in -us ends in -e, as : serve.
510. filius, son (m.)
SINGULAR. PLUEAL.
auxilium, aid (n. )
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
N.
filius
filii
auxilium
auxilia
G.
fili, -ii
filiorum
auxili, -ii
auxiliorum
D.
filio
filiis
auxilio
auxiliis
Ac.
filium
filios
auxilium
auxilia
Ab.
filio
filiis
auxilio
auxiliis
KoTE. — The Vocative Singular of filius is fili.
511. THIRD DECLENSION. — LIQUID STEMS.
consul (m..) legion (i.) maiden {f.) river (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
consul
legio
virgo
flumen
G.
consults
legionis
virginis
fluminis
D.
consuli
legioni
virgini
flumini
Ac.
consulem
legionem
virginem
flumen
Ab.
consule
legione
PLURAL.
virgine
flumine
N.
consules
legiones
virgines
flumina
G.
consulum
legionum
virginum
fluminum
D.
consulibus
legidnibus
virginibus
fliiminibus
Ac.
consules
legiones
virgines
flumina
Ab.
consulibus
legionibus
virginibus
fliiminibus
512. labor (m.)
father (m.)
body (n.)
race (n. )
SINGULAR.
N.
labor
pater
corpus
genus
G.
laboris
patris
corporis
generis
D.
labori
patri
corpori
generi
Ac.
laborem
patrem
corpus
genus
Ab.
labore
patre
corpore
genere
NOUNS,
207
PLURAL.
X.
iabores
patres corpora
genera
Cx.
laborum
patrum coriDorum
generum
D.
laboribus
patribus corporibus
generibus
Ac.
Iabores
patres corpora
genera
Ab.
laboribus
patribus corporibus
generibus
513.
MUTE STEMS.
chief (m.)
king (m.)
SINGULAR.
judge (m.)
X.
princeps
rex
iudex
G.
principis
regis
iudicis
D.
principi
regi
iiidici
Ac.
principem
regem
iiidicem
Ab.
principe
rege
PLUEAL.
iiidice
X.
principis
regis
liidices
G.
principum
regum
iiidicuni
D.
principibus
regibus
iiidicibus
Ac.
principis
regis
iudicis
Ab.
principibus
regibus
iudicibus
514. soldier (m.
) guard (m.)
head (m. )
SIXGULAE.
X.
miles
custos
caput
G.
militis
ciistodis
capitis
D.
militi
custodi
capiti
Ac.
militem
ciistodem
caput
Ab.
milite
custode
PLUEAL.
capite
X^.
militis
custodis
capita
G.
militum
ciistodum
capitum
D.
militibus
ciistodibus
capitibus
Ac.
militis
custodis
capita
Ab.
militibus
custodibus
capitibus
208
LATIN BEADER,
515. I STEMS.
a. Masculines and Feminines in -is and -es.
cough (L) ship (f.) fire (m.) enemy (m.) cloud (f.)
N. tussis
G. tussis
D. tussi
Ac. tussim
Ab. tussi navi (-e)
SINGULAR.
navis Ignis
navis ignis
navi igni
navem (-im) ignem
hostis nubes
hostis nubis
hosti nubi
hostem nubem
igni (-e) hoste
nube
PLURAL.
N". tussis naves ignes hostes nubes
G. tussiuni navium ignium hostium nubium
D. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus nubibus
Ac. tussis (-es) navis (-es) ignis (-es) hostis (-es) nubis (-es)
Ab. tussibus navibus ignibus hostibus niibibus
b. N'euters in -e, -al, and -ar.
sea (n.) animal (n.)
spur (n.)
SINGULAR.
N.
mare
animal
calcar
G.
maris
animalis
calcaris
D.
mari
animali
calcari
Ac.
mare
animal
calcar
Ab.
mari
animali
PLURAL.
calcari
K
maria
animalia
calcaria
G.
marium
animalium
calcarium
D.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
Ac.
maria
animalia
calcaria
Ab.
maribus
animalibus
calcaribus
NOUNS.
209
516.
MIXED
STEMS.
city (f.)
citadel (f.)
bridge (m.)
age (f.)
SINGULAR.
N.
urbs
arx
pons
aetas
G.
urbis
arcis
pontis
aetatis
D.
urbi
arci
ponti
aetati
Ac.
urbem
arcem
pontem
aetatem
Ab.
urbe
arce
ponte
aetate
PLURAL.
N.
urbes
arces
pontes
aetates
G.
nrbium
arcium
pontium
aetatium (-um)
D.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
Ac.
urbis (-es)
arcis (-es)
pontis (-es)
aetatis (-es)
Ab.
urbibus
arcibus
pontibus
aetatibus
517. FOURTH DECLENSION. — U STEMS.
exercitus, army (m.) cornu, hoyni (n.)
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.
exercitus
exercitus
cornu
cornua
G.
exercitus
exercituum
cornus
cornuum
D.
exercitui (-u)
exercitibus
cornu
cornibus
Ac.
exercitum
exercitus
cornii
cornua
Ab.
exercitu
exercitibus
cornu
cornibus
518. FIFTH DECLENSION. -E STEMS.
dies, day (m.) res, thing (f.)
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
1^. dies dies
G. diei , dierum
D. diei diebus
Ac. diem dies
Ab. die diebus
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
res
res
rei
rerum
rei
rebus
rem
res
re
rebus
210
LATIN READER.
519.
IRREGULAR NOUNS.
god (m.)
house (f.)
SINGULAR.
strength (f.)
N.
deus
domus
vis
G.
del
domus (-1, loc.)
vis
D.
deo
domui (-5)
vi
Ac.
deum
domuni
vim
Ab.
deo
domo (-ii)
PLURAL.
vi
N.
del, dii, d
[
, domus
vires
G.
deorum, (
ieiiin
domuum (-oruni)
virium
D.
deis, diis,
dis
domibus
viribus
Ac.
deos
domos (-us)
vires
Ab.
deis, diis,
dis
domibus
viribus
520.
GREEK NOUNS.
Note. — These are given for reference only. All the irregular
forms of Greek nouns occurring in the text will be found in the
Vocabulary,
DEC. I.
DECLENSION II.
DEC. III.
SINGULAR.
N.
Helle
Naxos
Perseus
Propontis
G.
Helles
Naxi
Persei (-
eos)
Propontidis
(-idos)
D.
Hellae
Naxo
Perseo (
-ei)
Propontidi
Ac.
Hellen
Naxon
(-urn)
Persea
Propontida
Ab.
Helle (-a)
Naxo
Perseo
Propontide
DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES.
211
. !3 irH lO p^O
^ ^ 3 2 B B
< © o s ^
rr ^ o3 w d ira
>^ ' ^ u. '^ u •-•
O &^ ^ X5 -o ^ ^
^^ 3 3 3 3 3
02
TO lO IrH TO iiH
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
•-333 = 33'"^
Ph fc^ J, t^ t, tH OJ
IC^.S
• a; t- •« t- t^
S X5 ^ Xi X5 J2
'^ 3 :i 3 3 3
.^ 'O ■§ -o ,| ^
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 3
3,.
lO J3 lO
a £
^ be
1 a a a a *a a a a a ^
© © s
C^ ^ C^ ^ ICQ
Z)QJ<VV!i)''XV^
2 ""^ t» CO _cc _cc ^
Bssssssees
a
,^ lO ^ lO
aaa aaaaa
rS .a ©
a CQ ^
r3,.
lO ^ lO
3 3 3 C 3 g ,
O O O O O .;:i» J
OOOOO _--_-..
d a
« © s .
cd cd ^ ^ IC^
3 a C 3 3
OOOOO
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
J3
^ ^ 05
ce ic« ,2
Id.s ?f^
•OOOOO
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
I 3 3 a fl fl
OOOOO
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
J3
.2 H I
3 ^
^ 8
lO) oj OJ ci ^
TJ -TO tr fi 'C
i3 a a o a
t- t- t- +J s-
p, &, a 3 P4
< i§
« 3 3
f a; a;
Ph 10 i3 i3
a A ft
I© 3
a A
a «
a||a5
:2 ^-^
1© lO
0) OJ
a a
P5 • O
u a
o
^ . ©
fe
^
a a-
P5 a
1-3
g^.
pi
t^ 1f I© "^
O O '
bo
t» I©
OOOOO
' ICS 1C3 IC^ ICS IC3
212
LATIN READER.
ADJECTIVES.
522* FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.
bonus, bona, bonum, good.
SINGULAB.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
K. bonus
bona
bonum
G. boni
bonae
boni
B. bono
bonae
bono
Ac. bonum
bonam
bonum
Ab. bono
bona
PLURAL.
bono
N. boni
bonae
bona
G. bonorum
bonarum
bonorum
D. bonis
bonis
bonis
Ac. bonos
bonas
bona
Ab. bonis
bonis
bonis
miser, misera, miserum, wretched.
SINGULAR.
MASC.
FEM.
KEUT.
N.
miser
misera
miserum
G.
miseri
miserae
miseri
D.
misero
miserae
misero
Ac.
miserum
miseram
miserum
Ab.
misero
misera
PLURAL.
misero
N.
miseri
miserae
misera
G.
miserorum
miserarum
miserorum
D.
miseris
miseris
miseris
Ac.
miseros
miseras
misera
Ab.
miseris
miseris
miseris
ADJECTIVES,
213
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful.
SINGULAR.
N. pulcher
G. pulchri
T>. pulchro
Ac. pulchrum
Ab. pulchro
pulchra
pulchrae
pulchrae
pulchrani
pulchra
pulchrum
pulchri
pulchro
pulchrum
pulchro
N. pulchri
G. pulchrorum
D. pulchris
Ac. pulchros
Ab. pulchris
PLUKAL.
pulchrae
pulchrarum
pulchris
pulchras
pulchris
pulchra
pulchrorum
pulchris
pulchra
pulchris
523,
THIRD DECLENSION. — I STEMS.
acer, acris, acre, sharp.
s
INGULAR.
PLURAL.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MA 80.
FEM.
KEUT.
K
acer
acris
acre
acres
acres
acria
G.
acris
acrium
D.
acri
acribus
Ac.
acrem
acrem
acre
acris (■
•es) acris (-es
;)acria
Ab.
acri
acribus
fortis, forte, brave.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
M. AND F
N.
M. AND F.
N.
fortis
forte
fortes
G.
fortis
fortium
D.
forti
fortibus
Ac.
fortem
forte
fortis (-es)
Ab,
forti
fortibus
fortia
fortia
214
LATIN BEAJDER.
524.
CONSONANT STEMS.
audax, daring.
SINGULAR.
M. AND F. N.
N. aiidax
G. audacis
D. audaci
Ac. audacem audax
Ab. audaci (-e)
PLURAL.
M. AND F. N.
audaces audacia
audaciuni
audacibus
audacis (-es) audacia
audacibus
prudens, prudent.
SINGULAR.
M. AND F. N.
N. prudens
G. prudentis
D. prudent!
Ac. prudenteni prudens
Ab. prudenti (-e)
PLURAL.
M. AND F.
prudentes prudentia
prudentium
prudentibus
prudentis (-es) prudentia
prudentibus
525.
IRREGULAK ADJECTIVES,
alius, alia, aliud, another.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC. FEM.
NEUT.
K.
alius
alia
aliud
alii aliae
alia
G.
alius
aliorum aliarum aliorum
D.
alii
aliis
Ac.
alium
aliam
aliud
alios alias
alia
Ab.
alio
alia
alio
aliis
unus, 1
ana, unum,
SINGULAR.
one.
totus, tota, totum,
SINGULAR.
whole.
MASC.
FEM.
NEUT.
MASC. FEM.
NEUT.
N.
unus
una
unum
totus tota
totum
G.
unius
totius
D.
uni
toti
Ac.
unum
unam
unum
totum totam
totum
Ab.
uno
una
uno
toto tota
toto
ADJECTIVES.
215
duo, duae, duo, tivo.
MASC. FEM. XEUT.
N. duo duae duo
G. duorum duarum duorum
D. duobus duabus duobus
Ac. duos, duo duas duo
Ab. duobus duabus duobus
tres, tria, thi^ee,
M. AND F. N.
tres tria
triuni
tribus
tris (tres) tria
tribus
526. DECLENSION OF COMPARATIVES,
latior, latius, ivider. plus, more.
N.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
M. AND F.
latior
latioris
latiori
latiorem
SINGULAR.
N. M. AND F.
latius
latius
latiore oi' -i
N.
plus
pluris
plus
plure
PLUKAL.
N. latiores latiora
G. latiorum
D. latioribus
Ac. latiores (-is) latiora
Ab. latioribus
plure s plura
plurium
pluribus
pluris (-es) plura
pluribus
527. IRREGULAR COMPARISON.
ADJECTIVES IN -lis.
POSITIVE. COMPARATIVE.
facilis, -e, easy. facilior, -ius.
difficilis, -e, difficult, difficilior, -ius.
similis, -e, like. similior, -ius.
dissimilis, -e, unlike, dissimilior, -ius.
gracilis, -e, slender. gracilior, -ius.
humilis, -e, loio. huinilior,-ius.
SUPERLATIVE.
facillimus, -a, -um.
difficillimus, -a, -um.
simillimus, -a, -um.
dissimillimus, -a, -um.
gracillimus, -a -um.
liumillimus, -a, -um.
216
LATIN BEADER.
ADJECTIVES WITH DOUBLE SUPERLATIVE.
POSITIVE.
exterus,
outward.
inferus,
loic.
posterus,
folio icing.
superus,
iipper.
COMPARATIVE.
exterior,
outer.
inferior,
lower.
posterior,
later.
superior,
higher.
SUPERLATIVE.
extremus, extimus,
out})>ost.
infimus, imus,
lowest.
postremus, postumus,
last.
siipremus, summus,
top of, highest.
ADJECTIVES WITH NO POSITIVE.
citerior,
hither.
interior,
inner.
[cis, citra, adv.,
on this side.]
[in, intra, prep.,
in, icithin.]
[prae, pro, prep., before.] prior, former.
[prope, adv., near.] propior, nearer.
citinius,
hither most,
intimus,
inmost.
primus, first.
proximus, next.
[ultra, adv., beyond.]
ulterior, farther, ultimus, farthest.
ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR THROUGHOUT.
bonus, good. melior, better. optimus, best.
peior, worse.
maior, greater.
minor, smaller.
, pliis, more
malus, bad.
magnus, great.
parvus, small.
multus, much.
multi, many.
plures, more.
pessimus, worst.
maximus, greatest.
minimus, smallest.
plurimus, most.
plurimi, most.
528.
NUMERALS.
CARDINALS.
ORDINALS.
1.
unus, una,
iinum,
one.
primus, ^^rs^.
2.
duo, duae,
, duo, t
wo.
secundus, second.
8.
tres, tria, t
^Jiree.
tertius, third.
4.
quattuor
quartus
5.
quinque
quintus
6.
sex
sextus
7.
septem
Septimus
NUMERALS.
217
CARDINALS.
8. octo
9. iioveni
10. decern
11. undecim
12. duodecini
13. tredeciin
14. quattuordecim
15. quindecim
16. sedecim
17. septendecim
18. duodeviginti
19. undeviginti
20. viginti
21. viginti unus or
unus et viginti
28. duodetriginta
29. undetriginta
30. triginta
40. quadraginta
50. quinquaginta
60. sexaginta
70. septuaginta
80. octoginta
90. nonaginta
100. centum
101. centum unus or
centum et unus
200. ducenti, -ae, -a
300. trecenti, -ae, -a
400. quadringenti, -ae, -a
500. quingenti, -ae, -a
600. sescenti, -ae, -a
700. septingenti, -ae, -a
800. octingenti, -ae, -a
900. nongenti, -ae, -a
1,000. mille
2,000. duo milia
100,000. centum milia
1,000,000. decies centena milia
ORDINALS.
octavus
nonus
decimus
undecimus
duodecimus
tertius decimus
quartus decimus
quint us decimus
sextus decimus
Septimus decimus
duodevicesimus
undevicesimus
vicesimus
vicesimus primus or
unus et vicesimus
duodetricesimus
undetiicesimus
tricesimus
quadragesimus
quinquagesimus
sexagesimus
septuagesimus
octogesimus
nonagesimus
centesimus
centesimus primus or
unus et centesimus
ducentesimus
trecentesimus
quadringentesimus
quingentesimus
sescentesimus
septingentesimus
octingentesimus
nongentesimus
millesimus
bis millesimus
centies millesimus
decies centies millesimus
218
LATIN BEABER.
529.
PERSONAL PRONOUNS.
FIRST PERSON.
SECOND PERSON.
REFLEXIVE.
SINGULAR.
K.
ego
tu
G.
mei
tui
sui
D.
mihi
tibi
sibi
Ac.
me
te
se or sese
Ab.
me
te
PLURAL.
se or sese
G.
nos
nostrum
VOS
vestrum or vestri
ornostri
sui
D.
nobis
vobis
sibi
Ac.
nos
VOS
se or sese
Ab.
nobis
vobis
se or sese
530. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS,
hie, this.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
N.
hie
haec
hoc hi
hae
haec
G.
huius
horum
harum
horum
D.
huio
his
Ac.
hunc
hanc
hoc hos
has
haec
Ab.
hoc
hac
hoc
ille, that.
his
N.
ille
ilia
illud illi
illae
ilia
G.
illius
illorum
illarum
illorum
D.
illi
illis
Ac.
ilium
illam
illud illos
iUas
ilia
Ab.
illo
ilia
illo
is, this, that.
illis
N.
is
ea
id ei (ii)
eae
ea
G.
eius
eorum
earum
eorum
D.
ei
eis (iis)
PBONOUNS.
219
SINGULAR.
Ac. eum earn id
Ab. eo ea eo
PLURAL.
eas ea
eis (iis)
idem, the same.
N. idem eadem idem eidem eaedem eadem
(iidem)
G. eiusdem eorundem earundem eorundem
D. eidem eisdem (iisdem)
Ac. eundemeandem idemi eosdem easdem eadem
Ab. eodem eadem eodem eisdem (iisdem)
ipse, self.
N.
ipse
ipsa ipsum
ipsi
ipsae
ipsa
G.
ipsius
ipsorum
ipsarum
ipsorum
D.
ipsi
ipsis
Ac.
ipsum
ipsam ipsum
ipsos
ipsas
ipsa
Ab.
ipso
ipsa ipso
ipsis
531.
RELATIVE PRONOUN.
qui,
who, which.
N.
qui
quae
quod
qui
quae
quae
G.
cuius
quorum
quarum
quorum
D.
cui
quibus
Ac.
quern
quam
quod
quos
quas
quae
Ab.
quo
qua
quo
quibus
532.
K
INTEKROGATIVE PRONOUN.
quae
quis
qui
G. cuius
D
quid
quod
qui
quae
quae
cui
quorum quarum quorum
quibus
Ac. quem quam I ^J^^^ quos quas quae
Ab. quo qua quo quibus
220
LATIN BEABEB,
533.
INDEFINITE PKONOUNS.
aliquis, some one.
SINGULAR.
N.
aliquis (-qui)
aliqua
aliquid (-quod)
G.
aliciiius
B.
alicui
Ac.
aliquem
aliquam
aliquid (-quod)
Ab.
aliquo
aliqua
PLURAL.
aliquo
N.
aliqui
aliquae
aliqua
G.
aliquorum
aliquarum
aliquorum
D.
ali^quibus
Ac.
aliquos
aliquas
aliqua
Ab.
ali^quibus
quidam, certain
one.
SINGULAR.
N.
quidam
quaedam
quiddam (quoddam)
G.
cuius^dam
D.
cuidam
Ac.
quendam
quandam
quiddam (quoddam)
Ab.
quo dam
quadam
PLURAL.
quo dam
N.
quidam
quaedam
quaedam
G.
quorun^dam
quarun^dam
quorun^dam
D.
quibus^dam
Ac.
quosdam
quasdam
quaedam
Ab.
quibus^dam
REGULAR VERBS. 221
REGULAR VERBS.
First Conjugation.
534. Principal Parts : amo, amare, amavi, amatus.
Stevi ama-.
INDICATIVE.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
I love, am loving, do love, etc. I am loved, etc.
amo amanius amor amamur
amas amatis amaris or -re amamini
amat amant amatur amantur
IMPEEFECT.
I loved, was loving, did love, etc. I was loved, etc.
amabam amabamus amabar amabamur
amabas amabatis amabaris or -re amabamini
amabat amabant amabatur amabantur
FUTURE.
I shall love, etc. I shall be loved, etc.
amabo amabimus amabor amabimur
amabis amabitis amabaris or -re amabimini
amabit amabunt amabitur amabuntur
PERFECT.
I loved, have loved, etc. I was or have been loved, etc.
amavi amavimus f sum f sumus
amavisti amavistis amatus -} es amati -) estis
amavit amaverunt (-re) i est ( sunt
222
LATIN READER,
PLUPERFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
/ had been loved, etc.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I had loved, etc.
amaveram amaveramus ( eram ( eramus
amaveras amaveratis amatus ■} eras amati -< eratis
amaverat amaverant ( erat
/ erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have loved, etc. I shall have been loved, etc.
amavero amaverimus
amaveris amaveritis
amaverit amaverint
amatus -
ero
eris
erit
amati
amem
ames
amet
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
amemus
ametis
ament
amer
ameris or -re
ametur
amemur
ami mini
amentur
amarem
amares
amaret
IMPERFECT.
amaremus
amaretis
amarent
amarer
amareris or -re
amaretur
amaremur
amaremini
amarentur
amaverim amaverimus
amaveris amaveritis
amaverit amaverint
PERFECT.
amatus -
{ simus
amati J sitis
( sint
PLUPERFECT.
amavissem amavissemus
amavisses amavissetis
amavisset amavissent
iessem ( essemus
esses amati J essetis
esset (^ essent
BEGULAB VEBBS.
223
ACTIVE VOICE,
IMPERATIVE.
PASSIVE VOICE.
ama, love thou,
amate, love ye.
PRESENT.
amare, be thou loved.
amamini, be ye loved.
amato, thou shalt love.
amato, he shall love.
amatote, ye shall love.
amanto, they shall love.
FUTURE.
amator, thou shalt be loved.
amator, he shall be loved.
amantor, they shall be loved.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. amare, to love.
Perf. amavisse, to have
loved.
Put. amaturus, -a, -um
esse, to be about
to love.
amari, to be loved.
amatus, -a, -um esse, to have
been loved.
amatum iri, to be about to be
loved.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. amans, -antis, loving. Perf. amatus, -a, -um, having
Put. amaturus, -a, -um, been loved.
about to love. G'v'e. amandus, -a, -um, ne-
cessary to be loved,
or loving.
gerund.
G.
amandi, of loving.
Ac.
D.
amando, /or loving.
Ab.
Ac.
amandum, loving.
Ab.
amando, by loving.
supine.
amatum, to love.
amatu, to love.
224
LATIN BEABEB.
535.
Second Conjugation.
Principal Parts : moneo, monere, monui, monitus, warn.
Stem mone-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I warn, etc.
moneo
mones
monet
monemus
monetis
monent
INDICATIVE.
PBESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I am warned^ etc.
moneor monemur
moneris or -re monemini
monetur monentur
IMPERFECT.
I warned^ was warning, etc. I was warned, etc.
monebam monebamus monebar monebamur
monebas monebatis monebaris or -re monebamini
monebat monebant monebatur monebantur
I shall warn, etc.
monebo monebimus
monebis monebitis
monebit monebunt
FUTURE.
I shall be warned, etc.
monebor monebimur
moneberis or -re monebimini
monebitur monebuntur
PERFECT.
I warmed, have warned, etc. I was or have been warned, etc.
monui monuimus f sum ( sumus
monuisti monuistis monitus ■} es moniti -) estis
monuit monuerunt (-re) ( est ( sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had warned, etc. I had been warned, etc.
monueram monueramus ( eram f eramus
monueras monueratis
monuerat monuerant
monitus ■) eras moniti J eratis
(^ erat ( erant
REGULAR VERBS.
225
ACTIVE VOICE.
I shall have warned, etc
FUTURE PERFECT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I shall have been warned, etc.
monuero monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint
moneam moneamus
moneas moneatis
moneat moneant
monerem moneremus
moneres moneretis
moneret monerent
s f ero
r erimus
monitus ■) eris
moniti J eritis
(erit
i erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
monear
moneamur
monearis or
-re moneamini
moneatur
moneantur
IMPERFECT.
monerer moneremui:
monereris or -re moneremini
moneretur monerentur
PERFECT.
monuerim monuerimus
monueris monueritis
monuerit monuerint
{ sim
monitus -<' sis
(sit
!simus
sitis
siiit
PLUPERFECT.
monuissem monuissemus C essem f essemus
monuisses monuissetis monitus J esses monitiJ essetis
monuisset monuissent ( esset ( essent
mone, warn thou.
monete, warn ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
monere, be thou warned.
monemini, be ye warned.
226
LATIN BEADEB.
FUTURE.
ACTIVE VOICE.
moneto, thou shalt warn.
moneto, he shall warn.
monetote, ye shall warn.
monento, they shall warn.
PASSIVE VOICE.
monetor, thou shalt be warned.
monetor, he shall be warned.
monentor, they shall be warned.
Pres.
Perf.
FUT.
INFINITIVE.
monere, to warn. moneri, to be warned.
have
monuisse, to
warned.
moniturus, a-, -uni
esse, to be about
to warn.
PARTICIPLES
■entis, warn- Perf.
monitus, -a, -um esse, to have
been warned.
monitum iri, to be about to be
warned.
Pres. monens,
ing.
FuT. moniturus, -a, -um,
about to warn.
GERUND.
G. monendi, of warning.
D. monendo, /or warning.
Ac. monendum, warning.
Ab. monendo, by warning.
monitus, -a, -um, hav-
ing been ivarned.
G'v'e. monendus, -a, -um,
necessary to be
warned^ or warning.
SUPINE.
Ac. monitum, to warn.
Ab. monitu, to warn.
536.
Third Conjugation.
Principal Parts : rego, regere, rexi, rectus, rule.
Stem rege-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I rule ^ etc.
rego regimus
regis regitis
regit regunt
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I am ruled, etc.
regor
regeris or -re
regitur
regimur
regimini
reguntur
BEGULAR VERBS.
227
IMPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I ruled, was ruling, etc.
regebam regebamus
regebas regebatis
regebat regebant
I shall rule, etc.
regam regemus
regis regetis
reget regent
I ruled, have ruled, etc.
rexi
rexisti
rexit
reximus
rexistis
rexerunt (-re)
PASSIVE VOICE.
I was ruled, etc.
regebar regebamur
regebaris or -re regebamini
regebatur regebantur
FUTURE.
I shall be ruled, etc.
regar regemur
regeris or -re regemini
regetur regentur
PERFECT.
I was or have been ruled, etc.
f sum f sumus
rectus ■} es recti J estis
est
sunt
PLUPERFECT.
I had ruled, etc.
rexeram rexeramus
rexeras rexeratis
rexerat rexerant
I had been ruled, etc.
!eram f eramus
eras recti ■) eratis
erat I erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have ruled, etc. I shall have been ruled, etc.
rexero rexerimus C ero C erimus
rexeris rexeritis rectus -< eris recti J eritis
rexerit rexerint ( erit (^ erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
regam
regamus
regar
regamur
regis
regatis
regaris or -re
regamini
regat
regaut
regatur
regantur
228
LATIN READER.
IMPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE.
PASSIVE
VOICE.
regerem
regeremus
regerer
regeremur
regeres
regeretis
regereris or
-re
regeremini
regeret
regerent
regeretur
PEKFECT.
regerentur
rexerim
rexerimus
( sim
( simus
rexeris
rexeritis
rectus } sis
recti -^ sitis
rexerit
rexerint
(sit
(sint
rexissem rexissemus
rexisses rexissetis
rexisset rexissent
PLUPERFECT.
rectus
'(
essem
esses
esset
1 essemus
recti J essetis
( esseut
rege, rule thou.
regite, rule ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
regere, he thou ruled.
regimini, he ye ruled.
regito, thou shalt rule.
regito, he shall rule.
regitote, ye shall rule.
regunto, they shall rule.
FUTURE.
regitor, thou shalt he ruled.
regitor, he shall he ruled.
reguntor, they shall he ruled.
INFIISriTIVE.
Pres. regere, to rule. regi, to he ruled.
Perf. rexisse, to have ruled, rectus, -a, -um esse, to have
heen ruled.
FuT. recturus, -a, -um rectum iri, to he ahout to he
esse, to he ahout ruled.
to rule.
i
BEGULAE VERBS.
229
PARTICIPLES.
ACTIVE VOICE.
Pres. regens, -entis, ruling
FUT.
G.
D.
Ac.
Ab.
PASSIVE VOICE.
rectus, -a, -una, having
Perf,
been ruled,
recturus, -a, -um, G'v'e. regendus, -a, -um, ne-
about to rule, cessary to be ruled,
or ruling.
GERUTs^D.
regendi, of ruling.
regend6,/or ruling.
regendum, ruling.
regendo, by ruling.
Ac.
Ab.
supi:n'e.
rectum, to rule,
rectu, to rule.
537.
Fourth Conjugation.
Principal Parts : audio, audire, audlvi, auditus, hear.
Stem audi-.
ACTIVE VOICE.
I hear^ etc.
audio audimus
audis auditis
audit audiuiit
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
PASSIVE VOICE.
I am heard, etc.
audior audimur
audiris or -re audimini
auditur audiuntur
IMPERFECT.
I heard, teas hearing, etc. I ivas heard, etc.
audiebam audiebamus audiebar audiebamur
audiebas audiebatis audiebaris or -re audiebamini
audiebat audiebant audiebatur audiebantur
FUTURE.
I shall hear, etc.
audiam audiemus
audies audietis
audiet audient
I shall be heard, etc.
audiar audiemur
audieris or -re audiemini
audietur audientur
230
LATIN BE A DEB.
PERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
I heard, have heard, etc. I was or have been heard, etc.
audivi audivimus C sum ( sumus
audivisti audivistis auditus J es audit! J estis
audivit audiverunt (-re) ( est ( sunt.
I had heard, etc.
audlveram audlveramus
audiveras audiveratis
audiverat audiverant
PLUPERFECT.
I had been heard, etc.
ieram ( eramus
eras audit! J eratis
erat ( erant
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have heard, etc. I shall have been heard, etc.
audivero audiverimus ( ero ( erimus
audiveris audiveritis auditus -^ eris audit! •} eritis
audiverit audiverint ( erit (^ erunt
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
audiam
audiamus
audiar
audiamur
audias
audiatis
audlaris or -
re
audiamini
audiat
audi ant
audiatur
IMPERFECT.
audiantur
audirem
audiremus
audirer
audiremur
audires
audiretis
audireris or
-re
audiremini
audiret
audirent
audiretur
PERFECT,
audirentur
audiverim
audiverimus
i rsim
Csimus
audiveris
audiveritis
auditus J sis
audit! -^ sitis
audiverit
audiverint
(sit
(sint
REGULAR VERBS.
231
PLUPERFECT.
ACTIVE VOICE. PASSIVE VOICE.
audivissem audivissemus ( essem C essemus
audivisses audivissetis auditus ■} esses audit! J essetis
audivisset audivissent (^ esset (^ essent
audi, hear thou.
audite, hear ye.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
audire, he thou heard.
audimini, be ye heard.
audito, thou shalt hear.
audito, he shall hear.
auditote, ye shall hear.
audiunto, they shall hear.
FUTURE.
auditor, thou shalt he heard.
auditor, he shall he heard.
audiuntor, they shall he heard.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. audire, to hear. audiri, to be heard.
Perf. audivisse, to have heard, auditus, -a, -um esse, to have
been heard.
FuT. auditurus, -a, -uni esse, auditum iri, to he about to be
to be about to hear. heard.
PARTICIPLES.
pRES. audiens, -entis, hear-
ing.
Put. auditurus, -a, -um,
about to hear.
gerund.
G. audiendi, of hearing.
D. audiendo, /or hearing.
Ac. audiendum, hearing.
Ab. audiendo, by hearing.
Perf. auditus, -a, -um, having
been heard.
G'v'e. audiendus, -a, -um,
necessary to be heard,
or hearing.
SUPINE.
Ac. auditumi, to hear.
Ab. auditu, to hear.
232
LATIN READER,
538. THIRD C0:N^JUGATI0N. — VERBS m -lO.
Capio, take.
Principal Parts : capio, capere, cepi, captus.
ACTIVE VOICE.
XIS ±JXKyJ:^± JL V XU.
PASSIVE VOICE.
PRESENT.
I take, etc.
I am taken, etc.
capio
capimus
capior
capimur
capis
capitis
caperis or -re
capimini
capit
capiunt
capitur
IMPERFECT.
capiuntur
/ was taking
, etc.
I vms taken, etc.
capiebam
capiebamus capiebar
capiebamur
capiebas
capiebatis
capiebaris or -re
capiebamini
capiebat
capiebant
capiebatur
FUTURE.
capiebantur
I shall take,
etc.
I shall be taken, etc
capiam
capiemus
capiar
capiemur
capies
capietis
capieris or -re
capiemini
capiet
capient
capietur
PERFECT.
capientur
I took, or have taken, etc.
I was or have been taken, etc.
cepi, etc.
captus, -a, -um sum, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
I had taken.
etc.
I had been taken,
etc.
ceperam, etc
captus, -a, -uni eram, etc.
FUTURE PERFECT.
I shall have taken, etc. I shall have been taken, etc.
cepero, etc. captus, -a, -um ero, etc.
capiam, capias, etc.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT.
capiar, capiaris or -re, etc.
REGULAR VERBS.
233
caperem, etc.
ceperim, etc.
cepissem, etc.
IMPERFECT.
caperer, etc.
PERFECT.
captus, -a, -um sim, etc.
PLUPERFECT.
captus, -a, -um essem, etc.
cape, take thou.
capite, take ye.
capito, thou shalt take.
capito, he shall take.
capitote, ye shall take.
capiunto, they shall take.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
capere, he thou taken.
capimini, be ye taken.
FUTURE.
capitor, thou shalt be taken.
capitor, he shall be taken.
capiuntor, they shall be taken.
INFINITIVE.
Pres. capere, to take. capi, to be taken.
Perf. cepisse, to have taken, captus, -a, -um esse, to have
FuT. capturus, -a, -um been taken.
esse, to be about captum iri, to be about to be
to take. taken.
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. capiens, -entis, tak- Perf. captus, -a, -um, having
ing. been taken.
FuT. capturus, -a, -um, G'v'e. capiendus, -a, -um, ne-
about to take. cessary to be taken,
or taking.
GERUND.
G. capiendi, of taking.
D. csi^iendb, for taking.
Ac. capiendum, taking.
Ab, capiendo, by taking.
SUPINE.
Ac. captum, to take.
Ab. captu, to take.
234
LATIN BEABEB,
IRREGULAR VERBS.
539. Sum, be.
Principal Parts : sum, esse, fui, f uturus.
INDICATIVE.
PRESENT.
SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
sum, I am.
sumus, we are.
es, you are.
estis, you are.
est, /le, (s/ie, it) is.
sunt, they are.
IMPEEFECT.
eram, I was.
eramus, we loere.
eras, you were.
eratis, you were.
erat, he was.
erant, they were.
FUTURE.
ero, I shall be.
erimus, we shall be.
eris, you will be.
eritis, you will be.
erit, he will be.
erunt, they will be.
PERFECT.
( I have been.
fuimus, \ ^^ ^^^^'
( we have been.
fuisti, \youv=ere.
( you have been.
fuistis, i2/oui.ere.
( you have been.
fuit, \ ^' ^^^*
( /ie has been.
fuerunt ( they were.
or fuere, ] they have been
fueram, I had been.
fueras, you had been.
fuerat, he had been.
PLUPERFECT.
fueramus, we had been,
fueratis, you had been.
fuerant, they had been.
IBBEGULAR VERBS.
235
FUTUKE PEEFECT.
fuero, I shall have been. fuerimus, loe shall have been.
fueris, you loill have been. fueritis, you will have been»
fuerit, he will have been. fuerint, they will have been.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
PRESENT. IMPERFECT. PERFECT.
SINGULAR.
sim essem fuerim
sis esses fueris
sit esset fuerit
PLUPERFECT.
fuissem
fuisses
fuisset
simus
sitis
sint
PLURAL.
essemus fuerimus fuissemus
essetis fueritis fuissetis
essent fuerint fuissent
SINGULAR.
es, be thou.
IMPERATIVE.
PRESENT.
PLURAL.
este, be ye.
esto, thou Shalt be.
esto, he shall be.
FUTURE.
estote, ye shall be.
sunto, they shall be.
INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE.
Pres. esse, to be.
Perf. fuisse, to have been.
FuT. futurus, -a, -um esse, futurus, -a, -um, about to be.
to be about to be.
540. Possum, be able.
Principal Parts : possum, posse, potui.
236
LATIN READER.
indicative.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
possum
possumus
possim
possinius
potes
potestis
possis
possitis
potest
possunt
possit
possint
Imp.
poteram
poteramus
possem
possemus
poteras
poteratis
posses
possetis
poterat
poterant
posset
possent
FUT.
potero
poterimus
Perf.
potui
potuimus
potuerim
potuerimus
Plup.
potueram
potueramus
potuissem
potuissemus
F. P.
potuero
potuerimus
INFINITIVE.
participle.
Pres.
posse
potens, -
entis
Perf.
potuisse
541. Prosum, benefit.
Principal Parts : prosum, prodesse, profui, profuturus.
indicative.
subjunctive.
Pres.
prosum
prosumus
prosim
prosimus
prodes
prodestis
prosis
prositis
prodest
prosunt
prosit
prosint
Imp.
proderam
proderamus
prodessem
prodessemius
FUT.
prodero
proderimus
Perf.
profui
profuimus
prdfuerim
profuerimus
Plup.
profueram
profueramus
profuissem
profuissemus
F. P.
profuero
profuerimus
imperative.
Pres. prodes prodeste Fut. prodest5 prodestote
infinitive.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. prodesse
Perf. profuisse
FuT. profuturus, -a, -um esse profuturus, -a, -um
IRREGULAR VERBS.
542. Eo, go.
Principal Parts : eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus.
237
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
eo
imus
earn eamus
is
itis
eas eatis
it
eunt
eat eant
Imp.
ibam
irem
FUT.
ibo
Perf.
ivi or ii
iverim or ierim
Plup.
iveram
or ieram
ivissem or issem
F. P.
ivero or
iero
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
i
ite
Pres.
ire
FUT.
ito
itote
Perf.
ivisse or isse
ito
eunto
FUT.
itiirus, -a, -um esse
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. iens, euntis
FuT. itiirus, -a, -um
Perf. itum
G'v'e. eundus, -a, -um
GERUND.
eundi, eundo, eundum eundo
SUPINE.
Ac. itum Ab. itii
543. Fero, bear.
Principal Parts : fero, f erre, tuli, latus.
ACTI
VE.
PASSIVE.
INDICATIVE.
Pres.
fero
ferimus
feror
ferimur
fers
fertis
f erris or -re
ferimini
fert
ferunt
fertur
feruntur
Imp.
ferebam
ferebar
FuT.
feram
ferar
Perf.
tuli
latus, -a, -um
sum
Plup.
tuleram
latus, -a, -um
eram
F. P.
tulero
latus, -a, -um
ero
238
LATIN READER.
PRES. feram
Imp. ferrem
Perf. tulerim
Plup. tulissem
Pres. fer
FuT. ferto
ferto
SUBJUNCTIVE.
ferar
ferrer
latus, -a, -um sum
latus, -a, -um essem
IMPERATIVE.
ferte ferre ferimini
fertote fertor
ferunt5 fertor feruntor
INFINITIVE.
Pres. ferre ferri
Perf. tulisse latus, -a, -um esse
FuT. laturus, -a, -um esse latum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Pres. ferens, -entis Pekf. latus, -a, -um
FuT. laturus, -a, -um G'v'e. ferendus, -a, -um
GERUND. SUPINE.
G. ferendi Ac. ferendum Ac. latum
D. ferendo Ab. ferendo Ab. latu
544. Volo, Nolo, Malo.
Principal Parts :
Volo, velle, volui, he willing^ wish.
Nolo, nolle, nolui, be unwilling.
Malo, mtalle, mtalui, be more willing, prejer.
INDICATIVE.
Pres. volo
nolo
malo
vis
non vis
mavis
volt
non volt
mavolt
(vult)
(non vult)
(mavult)
volumus
nolumus
malumus
voltis
n5n voltis
mavoltis
(vultis)
(non vultis)
(mavultis)
volunt
nolunt
malunt
IRBEGULAB VERBS.
239
Imp. volebam nolebam malebam
FuT. volam, voles, etc. nolam, noles, etc. malam, males, etc.
Perf. volui nolui malui
Plup. volueram nolueram malueram
F. P. voluero noluero maluero
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
velim
nolim
malim
veils
nolis
malis
velit
nolit
malit
velimus
nolimus
malimus
velitis
nolitis
malitis
velint
nolint
malint
Imp.
vellem
noUem
mallem
velles
noUes
malles
vellet
noUet
mallet
vellemus
noUemus
mallemus
velletis
nolletis
malletis
vellent
noUent
mallent
Perf.
voluerim
noluerim
maluerim
Plup.
voluissem
noluissem
imperative.
maluissem
Pres.
noli
nolite
nolito etc.
INFINITIVE.
FUT.
Pres.
velle
nolle
malle
Perf.
voluisse
noluisse
PARTICIPLE.
maluisse
Pres.
volens
nolens
240
LATIN HEADER.
545.
Fio, be made, become.
Principal Parts : fio, fieri, factus.
INDICATIVE.
SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres.
fio flmus
fiam fiamus
fis fitis
fias fiatis
fit fiunt
fiat fiant
Imp.
fiebam
fierem
FUT.
fiam, fies, etc.
Perf.
factus, -a, -um sum
factus, -a, -um sim
Plup.
factus, -a, -um eram
factus, -a, -um essem
F. P.
factus, -a, -um ero
IMPERATIVE.
INFINITIVE.
Pres.
fi fite
Pres
. fieri
FUT.
fito fitote
Perf
. factus, -a,-um esse
fito fiunto
FUT.
factum iri
PARTICIPLES.
Perf. factus, -a, -um G'v'e. faciendus, -a, -um
VOCABULARY.
ABBREVIATIONS.
abl.
. = ablative.
inter. .
= interrogative
ace.
. = accusative.
loc.
= locative.
adj.
, = adjective.
m. . .
= masculine.
cf . (cor
ifer) = compare.
n. . .
— neuter.
comp.
. = comparative.
num. .
= numeral.
conj.
. = conjunction.
part. .
= participle.
dat.
. = dative.
pass. .
= passive.
def.
. = defective.
plur. .
= plural.
dem.
. = demonstrative.
poss. .
. = possessive.
f. .
. = feminine.
prep. .
. = preposition.
gen.
. = genitive.
pron. .
= pronoun.
impers
. . = impersonal.
pronom.
= pronominal.
indecl.
. = indeclinable.
refl. .
= reflexive.
indef.
. = indefinite.
rel.. .
= relative.
interj.
. = interjection.
sup. .
= superlative.
Direct and indirect derivatives from the Latin (as well as cognate words),
which are also definitions, are printed in small capitals. Derivatives and
cognates which are not definitions are printed in Gothic Italic, and included
within parentheses.
VOCABULARY.
A., abbreviation of Aulus.
a, ab, or abs, prep, with abl., from,
by, on.
ab-eo, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -iturus, go
away. Cf. discedo, excedo.
ab-ruptus, -a, -um, adj., [rumpo,
break], (broken off), steep, pre-
cipitous. {Abrupt)
abs-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [cae-
do], cutoff.
abs-tuli, see au-fer5.
ab-sum, -esse, afui, afuturus, be
ABSENT, be distant, be lacking.
ac, see atque.
ac-ced5, -ere, -cessi, -cessurus,
[ad] , draw near, approach. {Access.)
Cf. appropinquo.
ac-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census,
[ad + -cend5, kindle], kindle,
set on fire, light. Cf. iucendo.
ac-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [ad +
cado], fall upon, happen. {Ac-
cident) Cf. incido, evcnio.
ac-cipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus, [ad
+ capi6], ACCEPT, receive, en-
tertain. Cf. recipio.
ac-commodo, -are, -avi, -atus,
[ad + commod6,^^],^^^o. {Ac-
commodate.)
ac-cumb5, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tus, [ad+-cumbo, lie], recline
(at the table).
ac-cus5, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad +
causa], (call to account), ac-
cuse.
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, spir-
ited, fierce. {Acrid.)
acervus, -i, m.,pile, heap.
acriter, adv., [acer], sharply ^
fiercely.
ad, prep, with ace, to, toward, for, at.
ad-aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus,
throw open.
ad-duc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead <o, m-DUCE, influence.
ad-eo, adv., to this, so far, so.
ad-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus, [fa-
cio], (do to), treat, affect.
ad-haereo, -ere, - — , , cling
to, stick to, ADHERE.
ad-huc, adv., hitherto, still.
ad-iace5, -ere, -cui, , lie near,
be ADJACENT.
ad-itus, -lis, m., [eo], (a going to),
approach, access, entrance.
ad-ligo, -are, -avi, -atus, bind to,
fasten to. Cf adnecto.
ad-miratio, -onis, f., [miror], ad-
miration.
ad-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send to, let go, let come) , ADMIT.
ad-moveo, -ere, -movi, -motus,
MOVE to, apply.
ad-necto, -ere, -nexui, -nexus,
tie to. {Annex.) C/*. adligo.
ad-nu5, -ere, -nm, , nod to,
assent.
ad-siduus, -a, -um, adj., [sedeo],
constant, steady. {Assiduous.)
ad-sum, -esse, -fui, -futurus, he
present, be at hand, come.
243
ADULESCENS
244
ALTUS
ad-ulescens, -entis, m. and f.,
[olesco, grow], youth, young
man or woman. Cf. iuvenis.
ad- vena, -ae, m. and f., [venio],
stranger.
ad-ventus, -us, m., [venio], arri-
val. {Advent)
ad- versus, -a, -um, adj., [verto],
(turned towards, facing), ad-
verse, unfavorable.
ad- versus or ad-versum, prep,
with ace, [verto], against.
ad-vert5, -ere, -verti, -versus,
tiirn to or towards.
ad-voc6, -are, -avi, -atus, call,
summon. {Advocate.) Cf. arcesso.
aedi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [ae-
dis + f acio] , 6?*z7<i. {Edifice.)
aedilis, -is, m., [aedis], commis-
sioner of buildings, aedile.
aedis or aedes, -is, f., temple,
room; plur., house. Cf. domus.
Aeeta, -ae, m., king of Colchis.
Aegaeus, -a, -um, adj., Aegean.
aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., ill, sick.
Aegeus, -ei (ace, -ea), m., father
of Theseus and king of Athens.
aeneiis, -a, -um, adj., [aes, bronze],
of bronze, bronze.
aequor, -oris, n., (level surface),
sea, ocean. Cf mare.
aer, aeris (ace, aera), m., the air.
aereus, -a, -um, adj , [aes, bronze],
of bronze, bronze.
aeri-pes, -pedis, adj., [aes, bronze],
with feet of bronze, bronze-footed.
Aeson, -onis, m., prince of Thes-
saly.
aestas, -atis, f., summer.
aetas, -atis, f., age.
Aethiopia, -ae, f., Ethiopia.
Aethra, -ae, f., mother of Theseus.
Africa, -ae, f., Africa.
a-fui, see ab-sum.
ager, -gri, m., field. {Agri-culture.)
ag-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [ad
+ gradior, step], approach, attack.
{Aggressive.) Cf. invado.
agmen, -inis, n., [ag5], (that which
is driven), line, army. Cf. exer-
citus.
ag-nosco, -ere, -novi, -nitus, [ad
+ (g)nosco, know], recognize, ac-
knowledge. Cf. cognosco.
ago, -ere, egi, actus, drive, lead,
ACT, do, perform, celebrate;
gratias ago, give thanks. Cf
duco.
agri-cola, -ae, m., [ager + colo],
farmer. {Agriculture.)
ala, -ae, f., wing. Cf. penna.
Alba [Longa], -ae, f., [albus], an-
cient city in Latium.
Albanus, -a, -um, adj., [Alba], of
Alba, Alban.
albeo, -ere, , , [albus], be
white.
Albertus, -i, m., Ai>bert.
albus, -a, -um, adj., white. Cf.
candidus.
alienus, -i, m., [alius], stranger ,
foreigner. {Alien.)
ali-quando, adv., [alius], {at some
time or other), once.
ali-quis (qui), ali-qua, ali-quid
(quod), indef. pron., [alius],
some one, any one, some, any.
alius, -a, -ud, (gen., alius, dat.,
alii), adj., other, another ; alius
. . . alius, one . . . another. Cf
alter.
al5, -ere, alui, alt us or alitus,
nourish.
Alpheus, -i, m., god of the river
Alpheus in Arcadia,
alter, -era, -erum (gen., alterius,
dat., alteri), adj., one (of two),
the other (of two); alter...
alter, the one . . . the other. Cf.
alius.
Althaea, -ae, f., Althea, mother
of Meleager.
altitude, -inis, f., [altus], height,
depth. {Altitude.)
altus, -a, -um, adj., [al5], high,
lofty, deep. Cf. celsus, procerus.
AMAT
245
ARDUUS
amat, (he) loves, likes.
amb-, am-, an-, inseparable par-
ticle meaning around, round
about.
ambages, -um, plur. f., [amb- +
ago], loindings. {Ambiguous.)
amb-io, -ire, -ivi or -ii, -itus
[eo] , go around.
ambulo, -are, -avi, -atus, walk.
{Amble.)
a-mens, -entis, adj., (out of one's
mind), mad, frantic.
Americanus, -a, -um, adj.,
[America], American.
amicus, -a, -um, adj., [amoj,
friendly. {Amicable.)
amicus, -i, m., [amo],/newc^.
a-mitt5, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send away, let go), lose.
amnis, -is, m., river. Cf. flumen,
fluvius.
amo, -are, -avi, -atus, love, like.
amor, -oris, m., [am5], love.
am-plector, -plecti, -plexus,
[plect5], twine, embrace.
amplus, -a, -um, adj., ample.
Anaurus, -i, m., river in Thessaly.
Androgeus, -i, m., son of Minos,
king of Crete.
Andromeda, -ae, f., daughter of
Cepheus, king of Ethiopia.
anguis, -is, m. and f., snake. Cf.
serpens.
angustiae, -arum, plur. f., [an-
gustus], narrows, strait.
angustus, -a, -um, adj., narrow.
anim-ad-verto, -ere, -verti, -ver-
sus, [animus], (turn one's mind
to), attend to, punish.
animal, -alis, n., [anima, breath],
(living being), animal.
animus, -i, m., mind, spirit, cour-
age; in animo esse, to intend.
Cf. mens.
annus, -i, m., year. {Annual.)
ante, prep, with ace, and adv., be-
fore.
ante-cello, -ere, — , - — , ea?-cEL.
ante-hae, adv., before this.
ante-quam, conj., before.
antiquitas, -atis, f., [antiquus],
ANTIQUITY.
antiquus, -a, -um, adj., [ante],
old, ancient. {Antique.)
anus, -us, f . , old looman.
anxius, -a, -um, adj., anxious.
aper, apri, m., wild boar.
aperio, -ire, -erui, -ertus, open,
become visible, disclose, reveal.
apertus, -a, -um, adj., [aperio],
open. {Aperture.)
Apollo, -inis, m., god of the sun, of
divination and oracles, of poetry
and music,
ap-pareo, -ere, -ui, -itiirus, [ad],
APPEAR.
ap-pell5, -ere, -puli, -pulsus,
[ad], (drive to), land.
ap-pello, -are, -avi, -atus, [ad],
call, name, accost, address, pro-
claim. {Appeal.) Cf. voco.
ap-p5no, -ere, -posui, -positus,
[ad], place near, place or set be-
fore. {Apposition.)
ap-propinquat, (he) approaches.
ap-propinquo, -are, -avi, -atus,
[ad + prope], (come near to), ap-
proach. Cf. accedo.
apto, -are, -avi, -atus, j^^, ad- att.
apud, prep, with ace, among, with,
at the house of, at.
aqua, -ae, f., water. (Aquatic.)
aquila, -ae, f., eagle.
ara, -ae, f., altar.
arbitrium, -i, n., [arbiter, judge],
choice.
arbitror, -ari, -atus, [arbiter,
judge], judge, believe, think.
{Arbitration.) Cf. puto, sentio.
arbor, -oris, f., tree. {Arbor.)
ar-cesso, -ere, -ivi, -itus, [acce-
do] , summon, fetch. Cf. advoco.
ardeo, -ere, arsi, arsus, be on fire,
burn, blaze. {Arson.)
arduus, -a, -um, adj., steep, diffi-
cult, ARDUOUS.
ARGENTABIA
246
AUT
argentaria, -ae, f., [argentum,
silver], bank.
Argo, -us, f., the Argo, Jason's
ship.
Argolicus, -a, -um, adj., o/Argo-
Lis, a district in the Pelopon-
nesus.
Argonauta, -ae, m., an Argonaut,
one of the crew of the Argo.
Argus, -i, m., the builder of the
Argo.
Ariadne, -es, (ace, Ariadnen,
abl., Ariadne), f., daughter of
Minos, king of Crete.
Ariadneus, -a, -um, adj., [Ariad-
ne], o/ Ariadne.
aries, -ietis, m., ram.
Arion, -onis, m., a Lesbian bard.
arma, -orum, plur. n., arms, weap-
ons. Cf. telum.
armatus, -a, -um, adj., [armo],
ARMED.
armo, -are, -avi, -atus, [arma],
ARM, equip.
aro, -are, -avi, -atus, plough, till.
{Arable.)
ars, artis, f., art.
arx, arcis, f., citadel.
a-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [ad + scando, climb'] , climb,
mount, ASCEND, embark on. Cf.
conscendo.
Asia, -ae, f., Asia Minor.
a-spectus, -us, m., [aspicio], szp'/i^,
appearance, aspect. Cf. con-
spectus.
asper, -era, -erum, adj., rough,
harsh.
a-spiei5, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[ad + -specio, look] , look at. Cf.
conspicio.
at, conj., but (introducing a contrast
to what precedes). C/. sed, autem.
Atalanta, -ae, f., daughter of
Schoeneus.
ater, atra, atrum, adj., black.
Athamas, -antis, m., father of
Phrixus and Helle.
Athenae, -arum, plur. f., Athens,
capital of Attica.
Atheniensis, -e, adj., [Athenae],
Athenian.
Athos, , (ace, Athon), m.,
mountain in Macedonia.
at-que, conj. (used before vowels
and consonants; ac, before con-
sonants only), [ad + -que], and
too, and also, and. Cf. et, -que.
atrium, -i, n., [d^ter], fore-court.
atrdx, -ocis, adj., [ater], savage,
fierce, atrocious. Cf ferox,
saevus.
Attica, -ae, f., district in central
Greece.
at-toUo, -ere, , , [ad], lift
up. (Ex-to/.)
at-tonitus, -a, -um, adj., [ad +
tono, thunder], (thunderstruck),
astonished.
audacia, -ae, f., [audax], daring,
AUDACITY, recklessness.
audacter, adv., [audax], boldly,
courageously, audaciously.
audax, -cis, adj., [audeo], daring,
bold, audacious.
auded, -ere, ausus, semi-deponent,
dare.
audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear, listen
to. {Audience.)
au-fero, -ferre, abs-tuli, ab-la-
tus, [ab], bear away, carry off.
auged, -ere, auxi, auctus, (transi-
tive verb), increase. Cf. cresco.
Aulus, -i, m., see Postumius.
aura, -ae, f., breeze, air; often
plur., air. Cf. ventus.
aureus, -a, -um, adj., [aurum],
of gold, golden.
auriga, -ae, m. and f., charioteer.
auris, -is, f., ear.
aurum, -i, n., gold.
au-spicium, -i, n., [avis + -specio,
look] , divination (by the flight of
birds), auspices.
aut, conj., or ; aut . , , aut, either
* . * or.
ATJTEM
247
CANDELABRUM
autem, post-positive conj., hut^
however, moreover, now. Cf. at,
sed.
auxilium, -i, n., [augeo], help, aid,
assistance. {Auxiliary.)
avarus, -a, -um, adj., avaricious.
a-vello, -ere, -velli, -volsus, tear
away. (Con-uulsion.) Cf. eripio.
a-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, turn away,
AVERT.
avidus, -a, -um, adj., desirous,
eager. (Auidity.) Cf. cupidus.
avis, -is, f., bird. (Auiary.)
a-volo, -are, -avi, -aturus, Jly
away.
avunculus, -i, m., [avus], mater-
nal UNCLE.
avus, -i, m., grandfather.
Bacchus, -i, m., god of wine.
baculum, -i, n., stick, staff, cane.
barbarus, -a, -um, adj., foreign,
strange, barbarous.
basilica, -ae, f., portico, basilica,
building used for merchants' ex-
change and for the courts.
beatus, -a, -um, adj., happy,
blessed. {Beatitude.) Cf. felix.
Belga, -ae, m., Belgian, man of a
tribe in northern Gaul.
bellum, -i, n., war.
belua, -ae, f, beast, wild beast,
monster. Cf. fera, monstrum.
bene, adv., [bonus], well.
bene-ficium, -i, n., [facioj, favor,
BENEFIT.
benigne, adv., [bene + genus], in
a kindly manner, graciously.
bibo, -ere, bibi, , drink. {Im-
bibe.)
blandus, -a, -um, adj., flattering.
{Bland.)
Boeotia, -ae, f., district in central
Greece.
bonum, -i, n., [bonus], (good
thing), treasure, blessing.
bonus, -a, -um, adj., good.
bracchium, -i, n.,arm. {Bracket.)
brevi, adv., [brevis], in a short
time, shortly, soon.
brevis, -e, adj., short, brief.
breviter, adv., [brevis], briefly.
Brutus, -i, m., L. Junius Brutus,
who expelled the Tarquins.
C, abbreviation for Gaius.
cacumen, -inis, la., point, peak.
cadaver, -eris, n., [cado], corpse,
carcass. Cf. corpus.
cado, -ere, cecidi, casiirus, fall,
fall doimi, fall prostrate, droop.
caecus, -a, -um, adj., blind.
caedes, -is, f., [caedo], murder,
slaughter.
caedo, -ere, cecidi, caesus, cut,
beat, kill, slay, sacrifice. Cf in-
terficio, neco.
caelum, -i, n., sky, heaven, the
heavens. {Celestial.)
caerimonia, -ae, f., ceremony.
Caesar, -aris, ra., Julius Caesar.
Calais, , m., one of the Argo-
nauts,
calamitas, -atis, f., calamity,
disaster. Cf. clades.
calcar, -aris, n., spur.
calceus, -i, m., shoe. Cf. solea.
caleo, -ere, -ui, , be ivarm.
calesco, -ere, , , grow warm.
callide, adv., [callidus], shrewdly,
cunningly.
callidus, -a, -um, adj., shrewdy
cunning, crafty.
Calydonius, -a, -um, adj., Caly-
D ON I AN.
Camillus, -i, m., M. Furius Camil-
LUS, dictator, who commanded
the Romans at the siege of Veil.
campus, -i, m.., plain, field ; Cam-
pus Martius, a grassy plain in
Rome along the Tiber, dedicated
to Mars.
candelabrum, -i, n., lamp-stand ^
candelabrum.
CANDIDUS
248
CERVICAL
candidus, -a, -um, adj., shining
white, bright, shining, glittering.
(Candid.) Cf. albus.
cano, -ere, cecini, , sing, play,
prophesy, foretell.
cantor, -oris, m., [cano], singer.
cantus, -us, m., [cano], song, sing-
ing. (Chant.)
capio, -ere, cepi, captus, take,
seize, capture, adopt. Cf.
rapio.
Capitolium, -i, n., [caput], the
hill in Home on which the Cati-
TOL stood.
captat, (he) seizes, takes prisoner.
captiva, -ae, f., [capio], (female)
CAPTIVE, pfHsoner.
captivus, -i, m,, [capio], (male)
CAPTIVE, prisoner.
capulus, -i, m., [capio], that which
is grasped), hilt.
caput, -itis, n., head, life, top.
(Capital.)
career, -eris, m., prison, jail; har-
rier, starting place (in a race
course). {In-carcerate.)
carmen, -inis, n., song, charm,
religious formula, prayer.
car5, carnis, f., flesh. {Carnal.)
Carolus, -i, m., Charles.
carpo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, pick,
pluck, gather.
carus, -a, -um, adj., dear, precious.
casa, -ae, f., cottage, hut.
Castor, -oris, m., twin brother of
Pollux,
castra, -orum, plur. n., camp.
casus, -lis, m., [cadoj, accident,
chance, experience. (Casual.)
catena, -ae, f., chain, fetter. Cf.
vinculum,
caterva, -ae, f., crowd, throng. Cf.
turba.
cathedra, -ae, f., easy chair, arm
chair. Cf. sella.
Caucasus, -i, m., the Caucasian
mountains in Asia.
Cauda, -ae, f., tail, (Caudal.)
causa, -ae, f., cause; abl., causa
followed by the gen., for the sake
of, on account of
caveo, -ere, cavi, cautus, beware.
(Caution.)
cecini, see cano.
cedo, -ere, cessi, cessus, go from,
tvithdraw, yield. (Cede.)
celebro, -are, -avi, -atus, /re-
quent, celebrate.
celer, -eris, -ere, adj., swift, fleet,
quick. Cf. rapidus.
celeritas, -atis, f., [celer], swift-
ness, quickness, celerity.
celeriter, adv., [celer], swiftly,
quickly.
celerrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
celer], swiftest, fleetest.
cella, -ae, f., store-room. (Gelt.)
celsus, -a, -um, adj., (raised), high.
(Ex-celsior.) Cf. altus, procerus.
centaurus, -i, m., centaur.
centeni, -ae, -a, num. adj., [cen-
tum], one hundred each.
Cepheus, -ei, m., king of Ethiopia
and father of Andromeda.
Cephisus, -i, m., river on the west
side of Athens.
cepi, see capia
cera, -ae, f., wax.
Cercyon, -onis, m., robber in At-
tica.
Ceres, -eris, f., goddess of agricul-
ture.
cerno, -ere, crevi, certus, dis-
cern, make out, catch sight of,
perceive.
certamen, -inis, n., [certo, strive],
struggle, contest, race; certa-
men pedum, foot-race.
certe, adv., [certus], assuredly,
certainly.
certus, -a, -um, adj., [cerno],
fixed, settled, certain, sure;
certior facio, (make certain),
inform.
cervical, -alis, n., [cervix], piU
low, bolster.
CERVIX
249
COMES
cervix, -icis, f., neck. Cf. collum.
cervus, -i, m., stag, deer.
ceterus, -a, -um, adj., the other ,
the rest. Cf. reliquus.
Chiron, -onis, m., a centaur.
cibus, -i, m.,food.
Cicero, -onis, m., M. Tuilius Cice-
ro, the famous Roman orator.
Circensis, -e, adj., of the circus.
circnm, adv., and prep, with ace,
[circus], around.
circum-do, -dare, -dedi, -datus,
place around, surround; with
ace. and dat.
circum-eo, -ire, -ivi or ii, -itus,
go around. {Circuit)
circum-ibant, (they) went around.
circum-specto, -are, -avi, -atus,
[-specio, look], look around.
{Circumspect)
circus, -i, m., (circle), enclosure
for races, athletic games, and
contests; Circus Maximus, an
oval CIRCUS between the Palatine
and Aventine hills, with room for
one hundred thousand spectators.
cis, prep, with ace, on this side.
citerior, -ius, comp. adj., [cis, cit-
ra], hither.
cito, adv., [citus, quick], quickly,
swiftly.
citra, prep, with ace, on this side.
civis, -is, m. and f., citizen. {Civic.)
civitas,-atis, f., [civis], state. {City.)
clades, -is, f., destruction, disaster,
loss, injury. Cf. calamitas.
clam, adv., and prep, with abl., se-
cretly.
clamito, -are, -avi, -atus,
[clamo], cry aloud, keep shout-
clamo, -are, -avi, -atus, call to,
call upon, shout to.
clamor, -5ris, m., shout, cry,
CLAMOR.
elarissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
clarus], most celebrated, most
famous.
clarus, -a, -um, adj., clear,
bright, famous, celebrated, illus-
trious. Cf egregius, Insignis.
classis, -is, f., fleet. {Class.)
claudo, -ere, clausi, clausus,
sMli up, CLOSE.
clava, -ae, f., club.
cliens, -entis, m., dependant,
CLIENT.
clipeus, -i, m., round shield of
metal. Cf. scutum.
cloaca, -ae, f., sewer; Cloaca
Maxima, the great sewer built
by Tarquinius Prlscus.
Cliisium, -i, n., ancient city of
Etruria.
Codes, -itis, m., Horatius Cocles,
who defended the Pons Sublicius.
coepi, -isse, coeptus, def., begin.
cognomen, -inis, n. , [com- + no-
men], surname.
c6-gnosco, -ere, -gnovi, -gnitus,
become acquainted with, ascer-
tain, re-coGNizE, know. Cf.
agnosco.
co-g5, -ere, co-egi, co-actus,
[com- + ago], (drive together),
force, compel. {Cogent)
Colchis, -idis, (ace. Colchida), f.,
province of Asia east of the
Black Sea.
Colchus, -i, m., [Colchis], Col-
CHIAN.
coUis, -is, m., hill. Cf mons.
collum, -i, n., neck. Cf cervix.
colo, -ere, colui, cultus, culti-
vate, inhabit.
color, -oris, m., color.
columba, -ae, f., dove, pigeon.
columna, -ae, f., column.
com-, (primitive form of cum, used
in compounds, and changed to
col-, con-, cor-, or co-, before
certain consonants), (1) together
with; (2) thoroughly, completely.
coma, -ae, f., hair. Cf crinis.
com-es, -itis, m. and f., [eo], com-
panion, comrade.
COMITIUM
250
CONSCENDO
com-itium, -i, n., [eo], the comi-
TiUM, a place in the Forum
where certain elections were
held; plur., comitia, assemblies
(of the Roman people), elec-
tions.
comitor, -ari, -atus, [comes], ac-
company, attend.
com-niitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
COMMIT, intrust.
com-motus, -a, -um, adj., [part,
of commoveo], (moved), ex-
cited, alarmed. {Commotion.)
com-moveo, -ere, -movi, -mo-
tus, move violently, alarm,
arouse, excite.
com-pleo, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill
up. {Complete.) C/". expleo, im-
pleo.
com-plexus, -us, m., [plecto,
twine], (surrounding), embrace.
com-pliires, -a, (more than one),
several.
com-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
(place tog-ether), mix, compound.
{Component.)
com-porto, -are, -avi, -atus,
carry or bring together. (Im-
port.) Cf. confero.
com-prehendo, -ere, -endi, -en-
sus, (take hold of), seize. Cf.
corripio.
con-, see com-.
con-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
yield, grant, concede.
con-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
(fall together), fall down, fall.
con-cilio, -are, -avi, -atus, pro-
cure, obtain, win, conciliate.
con-cito, -are,- avi, -atus, [citus,
quick], urge on, ea?-ciTE.
con-clam5, -are, -avi, -atus, (cry
out together), shout out. (Ex-
clamation.)
con-cordia, -ae, f., [cors, heart],
concord; Templum Concor-
diae. Temple of Concord in
the Forum.
con-curro, -ere, -curri or cucurri,
-cursus, run or rush together,
collide. {Concourse.)
con-dieio, -onis, f.,[dico], condi-
tion, terms.
eon-discipulus, -i, m., [disco],
schoolmate. {Disciple.)
con-d5, -dere, -didi, -ditus, (put
away), store up, bury.
con-duco, -ere, -diixi, -ductus,
draio together, assemble, collect.
{Conduct.) Cf congrego, conve-
nio, convoco.
con-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
(bring together), bear; with se,
betake one's self, go. Cf. com-
porto.
con-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[f acioj , complete, accomplish,
finish, loear out.
con-grego, -are, -avi, -atus,
[grex], collect, assemble. {Con-
gregation.) Cf. conduco, conve-
nio, convoco.
con-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus,
[iacio], throw; in vincula
conicid, imprison.
con-iugium, -i, n., [iung5], mar-
riage. Cf. matrimonium.
con-iunx, -iugis, m. and f., (mar-
ried person), husband^ wife.
{Conjugal. )
con-iuratio, -onis, f., [coniiiro],
conspiracy.
con-iuro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[iuro, swear], (swear together),
conspire. {Conjure.)
con-laudo, -are, -avi, -atus,
praise highly.
con-loco, -are, -avi, -atus, ar-
range. Cf. pono.
con-loquium, -i, n., [loquor],
conversation. {Colloquy.)
Conor, -ari, -atus, attempt, try.
Cf. experior, tempto.
con-scendo, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [scando, climb], mount, em-
bark on. Cf. ascendo.
CONSIDO
251
CRUDELIS
con-sido, -ere, -sedi, -sessus, sit
down.
con-silium, -i, n.^plan, counsel.
con-sobrinus, -i, m., [soror], (son
of a mother's sis>teY)^ first-cousin.
con-spectus, -us, m., [conspicio],
sight. Cf. aspectus,
c5n-spici6, -ere, -spexi, -spec-
tus, [-specie, lookl, look at
attentively, get sight of, see.
Cf. aspicid.
con-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus,
[statuo], fix, appoint, deter-
mine, CONSTITUTE. Cf. de-
cerno.
e5n-sul, -ulis, m., [consuloj, con-
sul, chief Roman magistrate.
con-sulo, -ere, -lui, -Itus, [salid,
leap'], (meet and consider), con-
sult.
con-sulto, adv., [consuloj, on pur-
pose, designedly.
con-sij.mo, -ere, -sumpsi, -siimp-
tus, (use up), CONSUME, h^^rn up,
destroy.
con-tendo, -ere, -di, -tus, (aim
for), CONTEND, hasten. Cf. fes-
tino, propero.
con-tentio, -onis, f., [tendo], ef-
fort, CONTENTION.
con-tinens, -entis, f., [teneoj,
mainland, continent.
con-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus,
[teneo] , hold together, comprise,
contain.
con-tingo, -ere, -tigi, -tactus,
[tango], touch. {Contact.)
con-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
come together, assemble, con-
vene. Cf. conduco, congrego,
convoco.
con-ventus, -us, m., [venio], (as-
sembly), court.
con-verto, -ere, -ti, -sus, tarn
round, turn. {Convert.)
con- viva, -ae, m. and f., [vivo],
(table companion), guest. {Con-
vivial.) Cf. hospes.
con-voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call
together, assemble, convoke.
Cf. conduco, congrego, convenio.
CO-, see com-.
co-orior, -iri, -ortus, rise.
copia, -ae, f., [com- + ops], abun-
dance, plenty, sup>ply; plur.,
troops, forces. {Copious.)
cor-, see com-.
coram, prep, with abl., in the pres-
ence of.
Corinthus, -i, f., Corinth, a city
of Greece.
cornu, -lis, n., horn, wing.
corona, -ae, f., crown, loreath^
garland.
corpus, -oris, n., body (living or
lifeless), corpse. Cf. cadaver.
cor-rigo, -ere, -rexi, -rectus,
[reg5], (set right), make up for ^
CORRECT.
cor-ripio, -ere, -ripui, -reptus,
[rapio], snatch up, seize. Cf.
comprehendo.
cor-rumpo, -ere, -riipi, -ruptus,
ruin, CORRUPT.
eras, adv., to-morrow.
Crassus, -i, m., a very wealthy
Roman.
crastinus, -a, -um, adj., [eras],
of to-morrow , to-morrow's.
credo, -ere, -didi, -ditus, believe,
trust. {Credit)
creo, -are, -avi, -atus, make, cre-
ate, choose, elect.
cresco, -ere, crevi, cretus, in-
transitive verb, rise, grow,
2?i-CREASE. Cf. augeo.
Creta, -ae, f., Crete, a large island
in the Mediterranean.
crevi, see cerno and cresco.
crimen, -inis, n., charge, crime,
offence. Cf. scelus.
crinis, -is, m., hair, lock of hair.
Cf. coma.
crista, -ae, f., crest.
cru-delis, -e, adj., [crudus],
cruel.
CEUDELITER
252
DECIES
crudeliter, adv., [crudelis], cru-
elly.
crudus, -a, -um, adj., raio, crude,
roughs cruel.
cubicularis, -e, adj., [cubicul-
um], of a sleejnng chamber.
cubiculum, -i, n., [-cumbo, re-
cline], sleeping chamber, bed-
room.
cubile, -is, n., [-cumbo, recline'],
couch, bed.
cui, [dat. of qui], to ivhom.
culpa, -ae, f., blame, fault. {Cul-
pable.]
culpo, -are, -avi, -atus, [culpa],
blame, reproach.
culter, -tri, m., knife.
cum, conj., ichen ; as, since ; though,
although; cum . , . turn, both
. . . and.
cum, prep, with abl., with.
cumulo, -are, -avi, -atus, heap,
load, aC-CUMULATE.
cunctus, -a, -um, adj., [co-iunc-
tus], all together, the tvhole. Cf.
omiiis, totus.
euniculus, -i, m., underground
passage, mine.
cupiditas, -atis, f., [cupidus], de-
sire, eagerness, cupidity.
cupid5, -inis, f., [cupidus], desire,
wish, eagerness.
cupidus, -a, -um, adj., [cupioj,
eager, desirous, anxious.
cupio, -ere, -ivi, -itus, long for,
desire, wish.
cur, adv., [qui + res], whg : inter.,
why f
cura, -ae, f., care, anxiety.
curat, (he) cares for, takes care of.
Cures, -ium, m. and f., the chief
town of the Sabines.
ciiria, -ae, f., senate house; in
Rome, the senate usually met
in the Curia Hostilia, built by
Tullus Hostllius.
curro, -ere, cucurri, cursus, run.
(Current)
currus, -iis, m., [curro], chariot.
cursor, -oris, m., [curro], runner,
racer. {Cursory.)
cursus, -us, m., [curro], running,
COURSE, voyage.
Curtius, -i, m., Mettius Curtius,
the Roman hero who leaped into
an abyss in the Forum,
curulis, -e, adj., [currus], cu-
RULE ; sella curulis, the cu-
RULE chair, occupied only by the
higher Roman magistrates.
curvo, -are, -avi, -atus, [cur-
vus], bend, curve.
curvus, -a, -um, adj., bent,
curved, crooked. Cf. falcatus.
cuspis, -idis, f., point.
custodio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [cus-
tos], watch, guard, keep.
custos, -odis, m. and f., guards
keeper, custodian,
cygnus, -i, m., swan.
Cyprus, -i, f., island near the coast
of Asia Minor.
Cyzicus, -i, m., king of a town of
the same name in Mysia.
D.
Daedalus, -i, m., an Athenian ar-
chitect, the contriver of the laby-
rinth.
Danae, -es, (ace. Danaen), mother
of Perseus.
dat, (he) gives.
de, prep, with abl., from, of^ about^
concerriing.
dea, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., dea-
bus), f., goddess.
decem, indecl. num. adj., ten. {Deci-
mal.)
de-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus,
decide, decree. Cf constituo.
de-cido, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
fall down. {Deciduous.)
decies, num. adv., [decern], ten
times.
DECIPIO
253
DICIO
de-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,[ca-
pio], DECEIVE.
de-clino, -are, -avi, -atus, turn
aside. {Decline.)
decoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [decus,
beauty}, adorn, decorate. Cf.
oruo.
de-curro, -ere, -cucurri or-curri,
-eursus, run down.
de-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus,
[quatio, shake'], shake off. Cf.
excutio.
dedi, see do.
de-duc5, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead away, lead down, launch.
{Deduce.)
de-fendo, -ere, -fendi, -fensus,
[-f endo, ward off] , defend, _pro-
tect.
de-fessus, -a, -um, adj., ivorn out,
exhausted.
de-fluo, -ere, -fluxi, -fluxus,^02^
down or hy. {In-flux.)
de-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus,
[iacio], hurl down or off, cast
down. {Dejection.)
de-inde, adv., [de], then, next,
aftericards.
de-lectat, (he) delights, j^Zeases.
de-lecto, -are, -avi, -atus, de-
light, pZease.
de-leetus, -a, -um, adj., [deligo],
picked, chosen, choice.
de-ligo, -ere, -legi, -Iectus, c/ioose,
pick out, se-LECT.
Delphi, -orum, plur. m., city in
Greece, famed for its oracle of
Apollo.
Delphicus, -a, -um, adj., [Del-
phi], Delphic, o/ Delphi.
delphinus, -i, m., dolphin.
de-mitto, -ere, -raisi, -missus,
send doivn, drop, throw, cast.
de-m5nstr6, -are, -avi, -atus,
point out, show, demonstPcAte.
Cf. osteiido.
denique, adv., at last, at length,
finally, Cf. tandem.
dens, dentis, m., tootU. {Dentist)
densus, -a, -um, adj., thick,
dense.
de-pendeo, -ere, , , hang
from, DEPEND.
de-p6no, -ere, -posui, -positus,
lay aside, give up, abandon. {De-
posit.)
de-rig5, -ere, -rexi, -rectus,
[regO], DIRECT.
de-scend5, -ere, -scendi, -scen-
sus, [scando, cZm6], descend,
dismount, disembark. Cf. ex-
pono.
de-sero, -ere, -rui, -rtus, desert,
abandon. Cf. relinquo.
de-sertus, -a, -um, adj., [desero],
deserted, abandoned.
de-silio, -ere, -ilui, -ultus, [salio,
leap], leap doivn, jump down.
de-sisto, -ere, -stiti, -stitus, leave
off, stop, DESIST.
de-sum, -esse, -fui, -futu^us,/a^7,
be wanting, be lacking.
de-tine5, -ere, -tinui, -tentus,
[teneo], keep back, detain, re-
serve.
de-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus,
draw off, drag down, drag. {De-
tract.)
de-trimentum, -i, n., [tero, rub],
damage, detriment.
Deucalion, -onis, m., a survivor of
the flood. See Pyrrha.
deus, -i, (plur., nom., dei, dii, di,
gen., deorum or deum, dat. and
abl., deis, diis, dis), m., god,
DEITY.
de-vorant, (they) devour.
de-voro, -are, -avi, -atus, [voro,
swallow whole], devour, destroy.
dextra, -ae, f., right hand. {Dex-
terous. )
di-, see dis-.
Dialis, -e, adj., of Jupiter ; Flamen
Dialis, priest of Jove.
(dicio), -onis, f., [dico], sway, con-
trol.
DIGIT
254
DUODECIM
dicit, (he) says.
dico, -are, -avi, -atus, <^e-DicATE,
consecrate, devote.
dico, -ere, dixi, dictus, say, tell.
{Diction.)
dictator, -oris, m., [dico], dicta-
tor, a chief magistrate witli
unlimited powers, appointed in
great emergencies to govern for
six months.
dies, -ei, m. and f., day.
dif-ficilis, -e, adj., [dis- + facilis],
DIFFICULT.
dif-ficultas, -atis, f., [difScilis],
DIFFICULTY.
diligens, -entis, adj., [diligo], dil-
igent, careful.
diligenter, adv., [diligens], dili-
gently, carefully.
diligentia, -ae, f., [diligens], dili-
gence.
di-ligo, -ere, -lexi, -lectus,[lego],
single out, love.
di-micatio, -onis, f., [dimico],
fight, struggle. Cf. ptigna, proe-
lium.
di-mic6, -are, -avi, -atus, fight,
struggle. Cf. pugno.
di-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
(send apart), dismiss.
dims, -a, -um, sid]., frightful, fear-
fid, DIRE. Cf. terribilis.
dis-, di-, inseparable particle mean-
ing asunder, apart, in different
directions.
dis-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
depart. Cf. abeo, excedo.
dis-cerno, -ere, -crevi, -cretus,
(set apart), distinguish, discern.
discipulus, -i, m., [disco], (learner),
scholar, pupil.
disco, -ere, didici, , learn,
dis-crimen, -inis, n., crisis.
dis-similis, -e, adj., unlike, dis-
similar.
dis-tend5, -ere, -di, -tus, stretch
apart, stretch, distend. Cf.
extendo.
ditissimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
dives], richest, wealthiest.
diu, adv., long, for a long time.
diurnus, -a, -um, adj., [dies], for
the day, day. (Diurnal.)
di-vello, -ere, -velli, -volsus,
[vello, tear], tear apart.
dives, -itis, adj., rich.
di-vido, -ere, -visi, -visus, [vi-
deo], divide.
divitior, -ius, comp. of dives.
do, dare, dedi, datus, give, offer.
Cf. dono.
doceo, -ere, -cui, -ctus, teach,
show, inform, tell. (Doctor. )
dolor, -oris, m., [doleo, grieve],
grief, pain. (Dolorous. )
dolus, -i, m., deceit, cunning. Cf.
fraus.
dominus, -i, m., [domo], master.
domo, -are, -ui, -itus, subdue, con-
quer. (In-domitable.)
domus, -lis, f., house ; domi, loc,
at home.
donee, conj., as long as, while ; un-
til.
dono, -are, -avi, -atus, [donum],
present, give. Cf do.
donum, -i, n., [do], present, gift.
(Donation.) Cf. mtinus.
dormio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, sleep.
(Dormitory.)
draco, onis, m., dragon.
dubito, -are, -avi, -atus, [dubius,
doubtful], hesitate, doubt.
dubium, -i, n., [dubius, doubtful],
uncertainty, doubt.
duco, -ere, duxi, ductus, lead,
draiv ; in matrimonium duco,
marr?/ (a wife). (Duct.) Cf. ago.
dulcedo, -inis, f., [diilcis, sweet],
sweetness. (Dulcet.)
dum, conj., with Indie, tvhile, as
long as ; with Subj., until.
duo, duae, duo, num. adj., two.
(Duet.)
duo-decim, indecl. num. adj., [de-
cern], twelve. (Duodecimal.)
DTJRUS
255
EVENIO
durus, -a, -um, adj., hard. (En-
dure.)
dux, ducis, m. and f., [d"U.co],^ea<fer,
general. {Duke.) Cf. imperator.
E
e, see ex.
eburneus, -a, -um, adj., [ebur,
ivory], of IVORY, IVORY.
ecce, interj., lo ! see ! behold ! there 1
look !
e-duc6, -are, -avi, -atus, [dux],
hring up, rear, educate.
e-duco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
lead out.
ef-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[ex + facio], make, cause, accom-
plish, EFFECT.
ef-fugio, -ere, -fugi, , [ex +
fugio], (flee away), escape. Cf.
evado.
egi, see ago.
ego, mei, pers. pron., /.
e-gredior, -gredi, -gressus, [gra-
dior, step'], go out, disembarJc.
{Egress.) Cf. expono.
e-gregie, adv., [egregius], excel-
lently, admirahly, remarkably.
e-gregius, -a, -um, adj., [grex],
distinguished, eminent. {Egre-
gious.) Cf. clarus, luslgnis.
eheu, interj., alas I
e-labor, -i, -lapsus, slip away,
glide out, escape. {Elapse.)
elephantus, -i, m., elephant.
e-lu6, -ere, -ui, -utus, wash out,
wash. Cf. lavo.
e-merg5, -ere, -si, -sus, come
forth, emerge.
e-raico, -are, -ui, -atus, dart
forth.
e-mineo, -ere, -ui, , [-mineo,
tower], stand out, project. {Emi-
nent.)
e-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus, send
out, emit, let out ; pass., start.
emo, -ere, emi, emptus, buy;
gain, obtain.
enim, conj. , (post positive), for. Cf.
nam.
eo, ire, ivi or ii, iturus, go.
Epidaurus, -i, f., city in Argolis.
epistula, -ae, f., letter, epistle.
epulae, -arum, plur. f., (viands),
feast, banquet.
eques, -itis, m., [equus], horse-
man, cavalryman, knight: one
of the equestrian Order rank-
ing between the Senate and the
Plebs.
equester, -tris, -tre, adj., [eques],
equestrian.
equinus, -a, -um, adj., [equus],
of a horse, equine.
equitabant, (they) used to ride.
equito, -are, -avi, -atus, [eques],
ride.
equus, -i, m., horse.
erant, (they) loere.
erat, (he) was.
e-ripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus, [ra-
pid], snatch away, save, rescue.
Cf. avello.
errabant, (they) used to roam, wan-
der.
errat, (he) strays, ivanders.
erro, -are, -avi, -atus, si7^ay, wan-
der, rove, roam. {Err.)
e-rumpo, -ere, -rupi, -ruptus,
burst out. {Eruption.)
est, (he) is.
et, conj., and ; et . . . et, both . . .
and. Cf. atque, -que.
et-iam, adv., also, even, still. Cf.
quoque.
Euxinus, -a, -um, adj., Pontus
Euxinus, the Black Sea.
e-vad5, -ere, -si, -sus, go forth,
escape, evade. Cf. effugio.
e-vanesco, -ere, -vanui, ,
VANISH away.
e-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus,
carry aivay ; pass., sail away.
e-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
(come forth), happen, result.
{Event.) Cf. accido.
EX
266
FALCATUS
ex or e, prep, with abl., out ofy of,
from^ on, according to.
ex-audio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, hear
(from afar).
ex-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, de-
part ; e vita excedo, die. (Ex-
cess.) Cf. abeo, discedo.
ex-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo,
arouse'] , rouse, aivaken, excite.
ex-cutio, -ere, -cussi, -cussus,
[quatio, shake], shake off, strike
away. (Fer-cussion.) Cf.decutio.
exemplar, -aris, n., copy^ ex-
ample.
exemplum, -i, n., example.
ex-e5, -ire, -ii, -itus, go out, de-
part, withdraw. {Exit)
ex-erceo, -ere, -eui, -citus, [ar-
ceo, keep], keep at work, keep
busy, engage, train, exercise,
drill.
ex-ercitatus, -a, -um, adj., [exer-
ceo], well EXERCISED, drilled,
or disciplined.
ex-ercitus, -us, m., [exerceo],
(disciplined body of men), army.
Cf. agmen.
ex-iguus, -a, -um, adj., scanty,
small, inconsiderable. Cf. par-
vus.
ex-inde, adv., thereafter, then.
ex-orno, -are, -avi, -atus. Jit out,
equip, ad-OR'^.
ex-pell6, -ere, -puli, -pulsus,
drive out, expel.
ex-perior, -iri, -pertus, try, prove,
experience. Q/*. Conor, tempto.
ex-ple5, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up,
fill full. Cf compleo, impleo.
ex-plic5, -are, -avi or -ui, -atus
or -itus, [plic5, fold], unfold,
explain.
ex-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
set forth, set on shore, disem-
bark. (Expose.) Cf descends.
ex-pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, take
by assault, storm, capture. Cf.
oppugno.
ex-sllium, -i, n., [exsul], banish-
ment, EXILE.
ex-spect5, -are, -avi, -atus, ex-
pect, await, wait for, wait.
ex-spiro, -are, -avi, -atus, breathe
out, expire. Cf. morior.
ex-sto, -are, , , exist, be
extant.
ex-sul, -ulis, m. and f., [salio,
leap], exile.
exta, -orum, plur. n., (chief inter-
nal organs of the body), entrails.
ex-tendo, -ere, -tendi, -tentus
or -tensus, stretch out, ex-
tend. Cf. distendo.
ex-ternus, -a, -um, adj., [exte-
rus], (EXTERNAL), foreign.
ex-terus, -a, -um, adj., [ex], out-
ward.
ex-torqueo, -ere, -torsi, -tortus,
twist out, tvrench away. (Extort)
extra, adv., and prep, with ace,
[exterus], outside. Cf intra.
extremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
exterus], farthest, last, ex-
treme.
fabula, -ae, f ., [fari, speak], story,
tale. (Fable.)
faciebant, (they) ivere doing.
facile, adv., [facilis], easily.
facilis, -e, adj., [faci5], (easy to do),
easy. (Facile.)
facio, -ere, feci, f actus, make, con-
struct, do, perform ; certior
facio, make more certain, in-
form.
facit, (he) does.
faciunt, (they) do.
f actio, -5nis, f., [facio], faction.
factum, -i, n., [facio], deed, act.
(Fact)
faenum, -i, n., hay.
falcatus, -a, -um, adj., [falx,
sickle], hooked, curved. Cf. cur-
vus.
FAMES
257
FORTIS
fames, -is, (abl., fame), f., hunger,
FAMINE.
familia, -ae, f., family.
familiaris, -e, adj., of the family.
fatum, -i, n., [fari, speak], destiny,
FATE.
fauces, -iumi, f ., (throat, jaws), nar-
row passage.
faveo, -ere, favi, fauturus, fa-
vor.
favor, -oris, m., [faveo], favor.
fax, facis, f., torch, firebrand.
fecerunt, (they) did do.
fecit, (he) did do. i
feliciter, adv., [felix], luckily, hap- \
pily ; feliciter dico, offer con- |
gratulations. ,
felix, -icis, adj., lucky, happy, for- \
iunate. {Felicity.) Cf beatus. \
femina, -ae, f., woman. (Feminine.) \
fera, -ae, f., [ferus], wild beast. \
ferio, -ire, , , strike, smite, |
wound. I
fero, ferre, tuli, latus, bear, bring,
carry. Cf. porto, veho,
ferox, -5cis, adj., [ferus], fierce,
savage, ferocious. Cf. ferus,
saevus.
ferreus, -a, -um, adj., [ferrum], of
iron, iron.
ferrum, -i, n., iron, sword.
ferus, -a, -um, adj., ivild, untamed,
FIERCE. Cf. ferox, saevus.
fervidus, -a, -um, adj., [ferveo,
boil], glowing. {Fervid.)
fessus, -a, -um, adj., tired.
festino, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten.
Cf propero.
festus, -a, -um, adj., festal.
fictilis, -e, adj., of clay ov pottery.
fidelis, -e, adj., [fides], faithful.
{Fidelity.) Cf. fidus.
fides, -ei, f., [fido, trust], trust,
faith, honor.
fido, -ere, fisus, semi-deponent,
trust, con-FiDE.
fidus, -a, -um, adj., [fido], faith-
ful, Cy.tidelis.
figura, -ae, f., form, figure. Cf.
forma.
filia, -ae, (dat. and abl. plur., filia-
bus), f., daughter.
filius, -i, (voc. sing., fili), m., son.
(Filial.)
filum, -i, n., thread, string.
finio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [finis], end,
FINISH. (Finite.)
finis, -is, m., eiid, boundary ;
plur., territory, country, land.
(Final.)
finitimus, -a, -um, adj., [finis],
neighboring, near.
fio, fieri, factus, (pass, of facio),
be made, be done, become.
firmus, -a, -um, adj., strong, stout,
FIRM.
fiamen, -inis, m., priest, flamen.
flamma, -ae, f., flame. Cf ignis.
flammeum, -i, n., bridal veil.
flamml-fer, -fera, -ferum, [flam-
ma + fevb],Yi.A:siK-bearing, fire-
breathing.
Flora, -ae, f., [flos]. Flora.
F15rus, -i, m., [fl5s], Florus.
flos, -oris, m., flower. (Floral.)
flumen, -inis, n., [fluo], stream,
river. Cf. aninis, fluvius.
fluo, -ere, fluxi, fluxus, flow.
(Fluent.)
fluvius, -i, m., [fluo], river. Cf.
amuis, flumen.
focus, -i, m., fireplace, hearth.
foedus, -eris, n., treaty, agreement ;
ex foedere, according to agree-
ment.
fons, fontis, m., spring, fountain,
source.
fore, for futurus esse.
forma, -ae, f., form, figure. Cf.
figura.
for-sit-an, adv., [fors sit an, it may
be that], perhaps. Cf. forte.
fdrte, adv., [abl. of fors, chance], by
chance.
fortis, -e, adj., brave, strong. Cf
validus.
FORTUNA
258
GRANDO
fdrtuna, -ae, f., [fors, chance],
FORTUNE, good ov had fortune.
forum, -i, n., market-place ; Forum
(Romanum), the forum (in
Rome).
fossa, -ae, f., [fodio, digl, ditch,
tj^ench. (Fosse.)
fragor, -5ris, m,, crash, noise, din.
Cf. sonus.
frater, -tris, m., brother. (Fm-
ternal.)
fraus, fraudis, f., deceit, fraud,
cheat, trickery. Cf. dolus.
fremitus, -us, m., [fremo, roar],
roaring, shouting.
fretum, -i, n., strait, sound, chan-
nel.
fruges, see frux.
frumentum, -i, n., [fruor], corn,
grain.
fruor, -i, fructus, enjoy.
frustra, adv., in vain.
(frux) , f rugis, f . , fruit; pi ur . , fruits,
produce.
fuga, -ae, f., [f ugio] , ^«^7i^.
fugat, (\\€) p)uts to flight.
fugio, -ere, fugi, , flee, fly.
{Fugitive.)
fugo, -are, -avi, -atus, [fuga],
put to flight.
fulgens, -entis, adj., [fulgeo],
gleaming, (lie-fulgent.)
fulgeo, -ere, fulsi, , gleam,
shine.
fulgor, -5ris, m., [fulgeo], gleam,
flash.
fundus, -i, m.,farm.
fungor, -i, functus, (busy one's
self), perform, exhibit, celebrate.
funus, -eris, n., funeral rites,
burial, funeral.
Furius, -i, m., see Camillus.
furo, -ere, , , rage, rave.
(Fury.)^
furor, -oris, m., [furo], madness,
frenzy.
furtim, adv., [iViVi thief], stealthily.
(Furtively.)
fuscina, -ae, f ., three-pronged spear,
trident.
futiirus, -a, -um, fut. part, of sum.
G
Gabii, -orum, plur. m., city of
Latium.
Gabinus, -a, -um, adj., [Gabii],
citizen o/ Gabii.
Gaius, -i, m., Gaius or Caius, a
Roman name.
galea, -ae, f., helmet.
Gallicus, -a, -um, adj., [Gallia,
Gaul], Gallic.
gaudeo, -ere, gavisus, rejoice.
gaudium, -i, n., [gaudeo], joy.
Cf. laetitia.
geminus, -a, -um, adj., twin-born,
twin-.
gener, -eri, m., son-in-law.
genius, -i, m., genius (of a place),
gens, gentis, f., race, nation.
(Gentry.)
genu, -us, n., knee.
genus, -eris, n., race, family, kind.
(Gender.)
Germanus, -i, m., German.
gero, -ere, gessi, gestus, wear;
manage, carry on, wage ; do.
gladiator, -oris, m., [gladius],
(swordsman), gladiator.
gladiatorius, -a, -um, adj., [glad-
iator], O/ gladiators, GLiiDI-
ATORIAL.
gladius, -i, m., sword.
gloria, -ae, f., glory, fame, re-
nown.
Gorgo, -onis, f., Gorgon, one of
three frightful sisters having
snakes instead of hair; see
Medusa.
gracilis, -e, adj., slender, graceful.
Graeae, -arum, plur. f., three hor-
rible old women who had but one
eye and one tooth among them.
Graecia, -ae, f., Greece.
grando, -inis, f., hail.
GRATIA
259
HOSTILIUS
gratia, -ae, f., favor, grace; gra-
tias ago, give thanlcs ; gra tiara
refero, return thanks.
gratuitus, -a, -um, adj., [gratia],
(without pay),/ree, gratuitous.
gratus, -a, -um, adj., acceptable,
pleasing, agreeable, grate-/wZ.
gravis, -e, adj., heavy, grave, seri-
ous, formidable.
graviter, adv., [gravis], heavily,
exceedingly.
grex, gregis, m., flock. {Grega-
rious.)
gubernator, -oris, m., [guberno,
steer], steersman. {Gubernatorial.)
gusto, -are, -avi, -atus, taste,
enjoy.
guttur, -uris, n., throat. {Guttural.)
H
habebat, (he) had, owned, possessed.
habeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, have,
hold, pronounce, deliver. Cf.
teneo.
habito, -are, -avi, -atus, [habeo],
dwell, live, *w-habit. Cf. incolo.
Haedui, -drum, plur. m., a people
of Gaul.
haereo, -ere, haesi, haesiirus,
(stick), hesUate.
hamus, -i, m., hook.
harena, -ae, f., sand. {Arena.)
Harpe, -es, (ace, Harpen), sickle-
shaped sword.
Harpyia, -ae, f.. Harpy, half bird
and half woman.
haru-spex, -ieis, m,, [harii, en-
trails, + -specio, look], sooth-
sayer, (inspector of the entrails
of victims).
hasta, -ae, f., spear. Cf. telum.
haud, adv., iiot, not at all. Cf non.
Hecate, -es, f., goddess of enchant-
ment.
Helle, -es, (ace, Hellen), f.,
daughter of Athamas.
Helles-pontus, -i, m., (sea of
Helle), Hellespont.
herba, -ae, f., grass, plant, herb.
Hercules, -is, m., a hero of great
strengtli, one of the Argonauts.
heri, adv., yesterday.
Herminius, -i, m., Titus Her-
minius, who helped Horatius
Codes defend the bridge.
Hesperides, -um, plur. f., guard-
ians of the garden with golden
apples.
hie, adv., he7^e, on this side.
hie, haec, hoc, dem. pron., this ;
pers. pron., he, she, it; ille . . .
hie, the former . . . the latter.
hiemo, -are, -avi, -aturus,
[hiems, winter], winter.
hinc, adv., [hie], f?^om this place,
hence, on this side.
Hippomenes, -ae, m., successful
suitor of Atalanta.
Hister, -tri, m., the river Danube.
ho-die, adv., [hoc + die], to-day.
homo, -inis, m. and f., human be-
ing, man. Cf. vir.
honor or honos, -5ris, m., honor,
office.
hon5rat, (he) honors, respects.
hora, -ae, f., hour.
Horatius, -i, m., see Codes.
horrendus, -a, -um, adj., [horreo],
dreadful. Cf. horribilis.
horred, -ere, -ui, , bristle;
shudder.
horreum, -i, n., barn.
horribilis, -e, adj., [horreo], fear-
ful, HORRIBLE. Cf horrendus.
hortor, -ari, -atus, cheer, ex-no^T.
hortus, -i, m., garden. {Horti-cu\-
ture.)
hospes, -itis, m. and f ., host, guest.
hospitium, -i, n., [hospes], hospi-
tality.
hostia, -ae, f., victim, sacrifice.
hostilis, -e, adj., [hostis], hostile.
Hostilius, -a, -um, adj., o/ an hos-
TiLius ; Ciiria Hostilia, senate-
house built by Tullus Hostilius,
third king of Rome,
HOSTIS
260
IMPONO
hostis, -is, m. and f., enemy.
hue, adv. [for old form hoc], hither,
to this side.
humanus, -a, -um, adj., [homo],
HUMAN.
humilis, -e, adj., [humus], low,
lowly, HUMBLE.
humus, -i, f., ground ; humi, loc,
on the ground.
Hylas, -ae, m., one of the Argo-
nauts, companion of Hercules.
iaceo, -ere, -cui, , lie.
iacid, -ere, ieci, iactus, throw,
cast.
iacto, -are, -avi, -atus, [iacio],
throw, cast, hurl.
iaculum, -i, n., [iacio], dart, jave-
lin. Cf. hasta, telum.
lam, adv., already, now ; non iam,
no longer. Cf. nunc,
laniculum, -i, n., [lanus], one of-
the hills of Rome sacred to
Janus,
ianua, -ae, f., door. Cf. ostium,
lason, -onis, m., jason, leader of
the Argonauts,
ibant, (they) used to go.
ibi, adv., [is], thei^e, in that place.
Icarus, -i, m., son of Daedalus.
idem, eadem, idem, pron., [is +
dem], the same, also, likewise.
(Identity.)
idoneus, -a, -um, adj.,^^, suitable.
igitur, conj. and adv., therefore. Cf.
itaque.
ignavus, -a, -um, adj., [in +
(g)navus, busy], idle, spiritless,
cowardly.
ignis, -is, m., fire. {Ignite.) Cf.
flamma.
ignoro, -are, -avi, -atus, [in +
gnarus, knowing^, not know, be
IGNORANT of. Cf. nescio.
ignosco, -ere, -novi, -notus, [in +
(g) nosco, know], pardon.
ignotus, -a, -um, adj., [in +
(g)notus] , imknown, untried,
unfamiliar.
ille, ilia, illud, dem. pron., that;
pers. pron., he, she, it ; ille . . .
hie, the former , . . the latter.
illiie, adv., [ille], thither, there.
im-, see in-.
imber, -bris, m., raiii, rain-storm,
heavy rain. Cf. pluvia.
im-memor, -oris, adj., [memor,
mindful], unmindful, forgetful.
{Immemorial.)
im-mensus, -a, -um, adj., [metier,
measure], vast, immense.
im-molo, -are, -avi, -atus, [mola,
sacrificial 7neal], sacrifice, offer.
{Immolate.)
im-mortalis, -e, adj., immortal.
im-patiens, -entis, adj., [patior],
impatient.
im-perator, -oris, m., [impero],
commander, general. {Emperor.)
Cf dux.
im-perium, -i, n., [imperd], com-
mand, power, authority, rule,
empire.
im-pero, -are, -avi, -atus, [paro],
comma7id, order, order to pro-
vide. {Imperative.) Cf. iubeo.
im-petr5, -are, -avi, -atus, [pa-
tro, effect], obtain one's request,
gain one's end.
im-petus, -iis, m., [peto], attack,
rush. {Impetuous.)
im-pietas, -atis, f., impiety.
im-piger, -gra, -grum, adj., active.
im-ple5, -ere, -evi, -etus, fill up.
Cf. compleo, expleo.
im-ploro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[ploro, wail], beseech, beg, im-
plore.
im-pluvium, -i, n., [pluvia], pool
in the atrium, into which the rain
fell through the opening in the
roof.
im-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
place upon, put into, impose.
I
IMPORTO
261
INSCIUS
im-porto, -are, -avi, -atus, bring
in, IMPORT.
im-pudentia, -ae, f., [pudens,
modest], shamelessness, impu-
dence.
imus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of infe-
rus], lowest, bottom of.
in, prep., (1) with ace, into, to,
against; (2) with abl., in, on,
upon, among.
in-, prefix, (changing to im- before
b, m, and p), (1) with verbs, in,
into, on, against ; (2) with adjec-
tives, not, un-, in-.
inanis, -e, adj., empty. {Inane.)
in-cautus, -a, -um, adj., [caveo],
incautious, unwary.
in-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
march, advance, walk. Cf. pro-
gredior.
in-cendo, -ere, -cendi, -census,
[-cendo, kindle], set on fire,
rouse, excite, incense. Cf. ac-
cendo.
in-certus, -a, -um, adj., uncer-
TAIN.
in-cid5, -ere, -cidi, , [cado],
fall in or into, fall upon, happen
upon. {Incident)
in-cipi5, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], (tal^e in hand), begin.
{Inception.) Cf. coepT.
in-cito, -are, -avi, -atus, [cieo,
arouse], urge on, spur on, in-
cite.
in-clamo,-are,-avi, -atus, cry out.
in-cludo, -ere, -si, -sus, [claudo,
shut], shut up, inclose.
in-cola, -ae, m. and f., [colo], in-
habitant, inmate.
in-colo, -ere, -lui, , dwell in,
inhabit. Cf. habit o.
in-columis, -e, adj., safe. Cf. in-
tactus, tutus.
in-credibilis, -e, adj., [credo],
wonderful, incredible.'
in-crepo, -are, -ui, -itus, [crepo,
rattle] , upbraid, chide, rebuke.
in-cumb5, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tus, [-cumbo, lie], lay one's self
to, bend to. {Incumbent.)
inde, adv., [is], thence, then, there-
upon.
in-dignitas, -atis, f., [dignus,
worthy], insult, indignity.
indulge©, -ere, -ulsi, -ultus, in-
dulge.
in-du6, -ere, -ui, -utus, [in(d) -i-
'UO, put], put on, dress one's self
in ; pass., dress,
in-fans, -fantis, ra. and f., [fari,
speak], (not speaking), child, in-
fant, babe.
in-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio],
not done, unaccomplished; re
infecta, without success.
in-felix, -icis, adj., unfortunate^
unhappy. {Infelicity.)
in-ferus, -a, -um, adj., lower.
in-festus, -a, -um, adj., [-fendo,
f?e-FEND], made unsafe, in-
fested.
in-fluo, -ere, -fliixi, -fluxus, flow
in. (Influx.)
infra, prep, with ace, below.
in-genium, -i, n., character, abil-
ity, talents, genius.
in-gens, -gentis, adj., vast, huge.
Cf. magnus, vastus.
in-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
cio], put in or on, throw in, in-
spire, infuse, inject.
in-iuste, adv., [iiis], unjustly.
in-iustus, -a, um, adj., [ius],
unjust.
in-numerabilis, -e, adj., [nume-
rus], countless, innumera-
ble.
in-opia, -ae, f., [ops], want, scar-
city,
inquam, def. verb, say: inquit,
says he or said he,
in-rideo, -ere, -risi, -risus, laugh
at, ViiT>i-cule.
in-scius, -a, -um, adj., [scio], not
knowing, ignorant of.
INSCRIBO
262
ISTHMUS
in-scribo, -ere, -scripsi, -scrip-
tus, lorite upon, inscribe.
in-sectunij -i, n., [seco, cut], in-
sect.
in-sequor, -i, -secutus, pursue,
press upon. Cf. insto.
in-signis, -e, adj., [signum], dis-
tinguislied, remarkable, stinking.
Cf. clarus, egregius.
in-solitus, -a, -urn, adj., [sole5],
unaccustomed, unused.
in-somnis, -e, adj., [somnus],
sleepless. (Insomnia.)
in-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[-speci5, look], look into, in-
spect.
in-sto, -are, -stiti, -staturus,
press upon, pursue. Cf. msequor.
insula, -ae, f., island. (Insular.)
in-tactus, -a, -um, adj., [tango],
untouched, uninjured^ intact.
Cf. incolumis, tutus,
intel-lego, -ere, -lexi, -lectus,
[inter] , perceive, understand,
comprehend. (Intelligent)
inter, prep, with ace, heticeen,
among ; inter se, with each
other.
inter-dum, adv., sometimes.
inter- ea, adv., meanwhile, in the
meantime.
inter-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[facio], (put out of the way),
kill. Cf. caedo, neco.
inter-im, adv., [is], meanwhile, in
the meantime.
inter-imo, -ere, -emi, -emptus,
[emo], (take away from among),
kill. Cf interficio.
interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of
inter], interior of.
inter-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
leave off, intermit, interrupt.
in-territus, -a, -um, adj., [ter-
reo], undaunted, unterrified.
inter-scindo, -ere, -scidi, -scis-
sus, [seindo, cut]y cut dozen.
(Scissors.)
inter-vallum, -i, n., space hetweeii,
distance apart, interval.
in-tolerandus, -a, -um, adj., [to-
lero], intolerable, unendur-
able.
intra, prep, with ace, within, inside.
Cf. extra.
intrat, (he) enters.
in-trepidus, -a, -um, adj., [trepi-
dus, alarmed], undaunted, in-
trepid.
intro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter.
intro-itus, -us, m., [intro, with-
in 4- eo], entrance.
in-und5, -are, -avi, -atus, [un-
da], overfloiv, inundate.
in-utilis, -e, adj., useless.
in-vado, -ere, -vasi, -vasus, ad-
vance upon, rush upon, attack.
Cf aggredior.
in-veho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus,
carry in; pass., sail in.
in-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
come upon, find, invent.
in- video, -ere, -vidi, -visus, (look
askance at), envy.
in- visus, -a, -um, adj., [invide5],
hated, hateful.
in-vitat, (he) invites.
in-vito, -are, -avi, -atus, invite.
lolcus, -i, m., town and harbor of
Thessaly, whence the Argonauts
sailed.
lovis, see luppiter.
ipse, -a, -um, intens, pron., self;
very.
ira, -ae, f ., anger, wrath, rage. (Ire.)
iracundus, -a, -um, adj., [ira],
passio7iate.
iratus, -a, -um, adj., [ira], an-
gered, enraged.
ire, see eo.
is, ea, id, dem. pron., this, that;
pers. pron., he, she, it.
iste, -a, -ud, dem. pron., that (of
yours), that (near you).
Isthmus, -i, m., the isthmus of
Corinth.
ITA
263
LEGIO
ita, adv., so, thus. Cf. sic.
Italia, -ae, f., Italy.
ita-que, coiij., and so, therefore. Cf.
igitur.
iter, itineris, n., [eo] Journey, road,
inarch. (Itinerant)
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
(Iterative.)
itineris, see iter.
iubeo, -ere, iussi, iussus, order,
bid, command. Cf. impero.
iudex, -icis, m. and f., [ius -f dico],
JUDGE.
I-iilia, -ae, f., Julia.
lulius, -i, m., Julius.
iuncus, -i, m., rush.
iimgo, -ere, iunxi, iunctus, join,
yoke, span.
lunius, -i, m., Junius, see Brutus.
luno, -onis, f., Juno, queen of
heaven, sister and wife of Jupi-
ter.
luppiter, lovis, m., Jupiter or
Jove, chief god among the Eo-
mans.
iiis, iiiris, n., right, law, justice.
Cf, lex.
iussi, see iubeo.
iussum, -i, n., [iubeo], command.
iustus, -a, -ura, adj., [iiisj, just.
iuvenis, -is, ra. and f., youth, young
man or ivoman. (Juvenile.) Cf.
adulescens.
iuvo, -are, iuvi, iutus, help, assist.
(Ad-Jutant)
iuxta, adv., and prep, with ace, near
to, close to.
ivi, see eo.
L., abbreviation for Lucius.
labor, -oris, m., labor, toil. Cf.
opus.
laboro, -are, -avi, -atus, [labor],
LABOR, be in trouble, be in diffi-
culty.
labyrinthus, -i, m., labyrinth.
lac, lactis, n., milJc. (Lacteal.)
lacrima, -ae, f., tear. (Lachrymose.^
lacus, -Us, m., lake, pond. Cf.
stagnum.
laedo, -ere, laesi, laesus, hurt,
of end.
laetitia, -ae, f., [laetus], joy, glad-
ness. Cf gaudium.
laetus, -a, -um, ad}., joyful, glad.
laevus, -a, -um, adj., left. Cf.
sinister.
lanista, -ae, m., trainer (of gladi-
ators).
lapis, -idis, rn., stone. (Lapidary.)
Cf. saxum.
laquearia, -ium, plur. n., panelled
ceiling, fretted roof
Lares, -um, plur. m., deified spirits
of ancestors protecting the home,
household gods.
Lars, Lartis, ni., see Porsena.
Lartius, -i, m., Spurius Lartius,
one of the companions of Hora-
tius Codes.
late, adv., [latus], icidely.
lateo, -ere, -ui, , lurk, lie con-
cealed. (Latent)
Latine, adv., [Latinus], in Latin.
Latinus, -a, -um, adj., [Latium],
of Lai ium, Latin.
Latium, -i, n., countrj- of Italy be-
tween the Tiber and Campania.
latro, -onis, m., robber.
latus, -a, -um, adj., broad, wide.
(Latitude.)
latus, -eris, n., side. (Lateral.)
laudat, (he^ praises.
laudo, -are, -avi, -atus, [laus],
praise, laud.
laus, laudis, f ., praise, glory.
lavo, -are, lavi, lautus or lotus,
icash, bathe, lave. Cf. eluo.
lectus, -i, m., couch, bed,
legatus, -i, m., [lego, appoint], am-
bassador, legate, messenger.
legio, -onis, f., [lego], (a gather-
ing), legion, containing about
5,000 soldiers.
LEGO
264
MAGNIFICUS
lego, -ere, legi, lectus, gather^
coZ-LECT, se-LECT; read.
Lemnos, -i, f., island in the Aegean
Sea.
leo, -5nis, m., lion.
Lesbius, -a, -um, adj., of Lesbos,
an island in the Aegean Sea,
Lesbian.
levis, -e, adj., light, slight. {Levity.)
lex, legis, f., law, {Legal.) Cf.
ius.
libenter, adv., willingly.
liber, -bri, m., hook.
liber, -era, -erum, adj.,/ree. (Z./6-
eral. )
Liber, -eri, m., Italian god of plant-
ing, identified with Bacchus.
liberat, (he) frees, releases.
liberi, -orum, plur. m., [liber],
children.
libero, -are, -avi, -atus, [liber],
free, release, liberate.
libertus, -i, m.,freedman. {Liberty.)
Libya, -ae, f., North Africa west of
Egypt.
Libycus, -a, -um, adj., of Libya,
Libyan.
ligneus, -a, -um, adj., [lignum],
ofioood, wooden.
lignum, -i, n., stick of wood, fire-
wood, wood.
limen, -inis, n., threshold.
linea, -ae, f., [linum], string,
line; alba linea, white line
(drawn across tlie arena, mark-
ing the end of the race course).
linum, -i, n., (flax), thread, line.
litus, -oris, n., shore. Cf. ora.
loco, -are, -avi, -atus, [locus],
place. {Locate. )
locus, -i, m., (plur., loci, single
places ; loca, places connected, a
region), place, position, situation.
{Local.)
longe, adv., [longus], afar, far off.
longitudo, -inis, f., [longus],
length. (Longitude.)
longus, -a, -um, adj., long.
lucerna, -ae, f., [liiceo, shine],
lamp.
Liicius, see L. Junius Brutus.
luctamen, -inis, n., [liictor,
wrestle], wrestling match.
liictatio, -onis, f., [luctor,
wrestle], wrestling.
liictus, -iis, m., grief, mourning.
lucus, -i, m., sacred grove.
liidicer, -era, -crum, adj., [lii-
dus], sportive.
ludo, -ere, liisi, liisus, play.
(Pre-lude.)
ludus, -i, m., [ludo], play, game;
school.
lumen, -inis, n., [liiceo, shine],
light, source of light. Cf. lux.
{Luminous.)
luna, -ae, f., [liiceo, shine], moon.
{Lunar.)
liistro, -are, -avi, -atus, [liiceo,
shine], (light up), survey, trav-
erse. {U-lustrate.)
liiteus, -a, -um, adj., orange col-
ored, yelloiv.
liix, lucis, f., [liiceo, shine], light,
brightness ; prima liiee, at day-
break.
lyra, -ae, f., lyre.
M
M., abbreviation for Marcus.
maestus, -a, -um, adj., sad, sor-
rowful.
magis, adv., [comp. of multoj,
more, rather.
magister, -tri, m., [magnus], mas-
ter, teacher.
magistratus, -iis, m., [magister],
magistrate.
magn- animus, -a, -um, adj.,
[magnus], great-souled, mag-
nanimous.
magni-fice, adv., [magnificus],
MAGNIFICENTLY.
magni-ficus, -a, -um, adj., [mag-
nus + facio], MAGNIFICENT.
MAGNITUDO
266
MILES
magnitudo, -inis, f., [magnus],
greatness, size, magnitude.
magn-opere, adv., [magnus +
opus], greatly.
magnus, -a, -um, adj., great, large.
Cf. ingens, vastus.
maior, -ius, adj., [comp. of mag-
nus], greater, older, elder.
{Major. )
male, adv., [malus], hadly, ill.
male-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus,
speak ill of, slander.
malo, malle, malui, [magis +
volo] , (choose rather), prefer.
malum, -i, n., apple. Cf. pomum.
malus, -a, -um, adj., had, wicked.
Mamilius, -i, m., Octavius Ma-
milius, son of Tarquiiiius Su-
perbus.
mane, adv., early in the morn-
ing.
maneo, -ere, mansi, mansus,
stay, re-:MAiN.
manus, -us, f ., hand, hand of men ;
manu, artificially.
mappa, -ae, f., napkin.
Marcus, -i, m., Marcus.
mare, -is, n., sea.
maritus, -i, m., married man; no-
vus maritus, hridegroom ; novi
mariti, hridal couple.
marmor, -oris, n., marble.
marmoreus, -a, -um, adj., made of
:marble, marble.
Mars, Martis, m., god of war.
Martins, -a, -um, adj., [Mars],
of ]\IARS ; see campus.
mater, -tris, f., mother. {Ma-
ternal.)
matrimonium, -i, n., [mater],
marriage, matrimony.
matiirus, -a, -um, adj., ripe, ma-
ture.
maxime, adv., [maximus], very
greatly, especially, most.
maximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
magnus], greatest, very great,
largest.
Medea, -ae, f., daughter of Aeeta,
king of Colchis, and wife of
Jason,
medicard'entum, -i, n., [medico],
drug, medicine.
medicatus, -a, -um, adj., [medi-
co], magic.
medico, -are, -avi, -atus, [medi-
cus], drug.
medicus, -i, m., [medeor, heal],
doctor, physician.
medius, -a, -um, adj., middle of.
{Medium.)
Medusa, -ae, f., chief of the Gor-
gons, whose looli turned objects
into stone.
Megara, -ae, f., a town in IMegaris,
a country of Greece,
mel, mellis, n., honey. {Melli-
fluous.)
Meleager, -gri, m., a Calydonian
hero, one of the Argonauts.
melius, comp. of bene,
membrum, -i, n., limb, member.
memoria, -ae, f., [memor, mind-
ful], MEMORY, rememhrance.
mendacium, -i, n., falsehood, lie.
{Mendacious.)
mens, mentis, f., mind. {Mental.)
Cf animus,
mensa, -ae, f., tahle.
mensis, -is, m., month.
Mercurius, -i, m., Mercury, mes-
senger of the gods.
mereor, -eri, -itus, deserve, merit.
mergo, -ere, mersi, mersus, dip,
sink, /77Z-MERSE.
merito, adv., deservedly, justly.
messis, -is, 1, [meto], harvest.
meta, -ae, f., goal.
meto, -ere, messui, messus, reap.
Mettius, -i, m., see Curtius.
metus, -us, m.,fear, dread, anxiety.
Cf. timor.
mens, -a, -um, adj., my, mine.
mi, voc. m., of mens.
Midas, -ae, m., king of Phrvgia.
miles, -itis, m., [mille], soldier.
MILITIA
266
MYSIA
mintia, -ae, f., [miles], military
service, warfare.
mille, iudecl. num. adj., thousand;
plur. milia, -ium, n., thousands.
minae, -arura, plur. f., threats.
Minerva, -ae, f., goddess of wis-
dom.
mininie, adv., [minimus], hy no
means, not at all, no, no indeed.
minimus, -a, -um, [sup. of par-
vus] , very little, smallest,
minister, -tri, m., attendant. (Min-
ister.)
minor, -ari, -atus, [minae],
threaten, menace.
minor, -us, adj., [comp. of par-
vus], smaller, less.
Minos, -ois, m., king of Crete.
Mino-taurus, -i, m., Minotaur, a
monster with a bull's head on
a man's body.
minus, see parum.
mirabilis, -e, adj., [miror], 2con-
d erf III, ac^-MiRABLE.
miraculum, -i, n., [miror], icon-
der, MIRACLE.
miror, -ari, -atus, wonder at, ad-
MIRE.
mirus, -a, -um, adj., wondeiful,
strange.
misceo, -ere, miscui, mixtus,
MIX, mingle.
miser, -era, -€rum, ad]., wretched,
MISERABLE. Cf. pauper,
miseri-cordia, -ae, f., [cor, heart],
pity, compassion, mercy.
mitto, -ere, misi, missus, send,
throw. (Missile.)
mobilis, -e, adj., [moveo], change-
able. (Mobile.)
modo, adv., [modus], only, just.
modus, -i, m., manner, mode, ivay.
moenia, -ium, plur. n., [miinio],
ivalls, ramparts, fortifications.
molior, -iri, -itus, (exert one's
self), contrive.
mollio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [mollis,
soft], soften. (Molli-fj.)
moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, advise,
waini, «fZ-MONISH.
mons, mentis, m., mountain, hill.
Cf. collis.
monstrat, (he) shows, points out.
monstro, -are, -avi, -atus,
[moneo], show, point out.
(De-monstfate.)
monstrum, -i, n., [moneo], mon-
ster.
monumentum, -i, n.,remembrancey
relic, rnemorial. (Monument)
mora, -ae, f., delay.
morior, -i, mortuus, die. Cf. ex-
spiro.
moror, -ari, -atus, [mora], delay.
mors, mortis, f., death.
mortalis, -is, m. and f., [mors],
iNiORTxVL, human being.
moveo, -ere, movi, motus, move.
mox, adv., soon,p)resently.
Miicius, -i, m., see Scaevola.
miigitus, -lis, m., [mugio, bellow],
belloiving.
mulceo, -ere, -si, -sus, soothe.
(Emulsion.)
mulier, -eris, f. , icoman.
multitude, -inis, f., [multus],
multitude.
multo, adv., [multus], (by) mucli.
multum, adv., [multus], much.
multus, -a, -um, adj.,?7?wc/i; plur.,
many. (Multi-p\y.)
munio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [moenia],
fortify.
munitio, -onis, f., [munio], forti-
fication. (Munition.)
munus, -eris, n., gift, office; spec-
tacle, exhibition. (Re-munerate.)
Cf. donum.
miirus, -i, m., wall. (Mural.) Cf.
paries.
miato, -are, -avi, -atus, change,
exchange. (Mutual.)
Myrmillo, -onis, m., gladiator with
Gallic arms.
Mysia, -ae, f ., district of Asia Minor
on the Hellespont.
NACTUS
261
NOLO
N
nactus, see nanciscor.
nam, conj.,/o7'. Cr. enim.
nanciscor, -i, nactus or nanctus,
obtain.
naris, -is, f., nostril.
narrat, (he) tells, narrates.
narro, -are, -avi, -atns, tell, nar-
rate.
natabant, (they) used to swim.
natant, (they) swim.
nato, -are, -avi, -atus, [no], sicim,
float. {Natatorium.)
natura, -ae, f., [nascor, be &or/i],
NATURE.
natiiralis, -e, adj., [natura], nat-
ural.
natus, -us, m., [nascor, he horn],
hirth. (Natal.)
nauta, -ae, m., [for navita, from
navis], sailor.
nauticus, -a, -um, adj., [nauta],
of ships, naval, nautical.
navigabant, (they) used to sail.
navigat, (he) sails.
navlgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [navis
+ ago], sail, navigate.
navis, -is, f., [no], ship; navis
longa, ship of icar, galley.
{Naval.)
Naxos, -i, f., island in the Aegean
Sea.
ne, conj., that . . . not, lest, not ; as
adv., ne . . . auidem, not even.
-ne, inter, enclitic particle, used in
asking questions simply for in-
formation. Cf nonne, num.
nee, see neque.
necat, (he> slaijs.
necessarius, -a, -um, adj., [ne-
cesse] , ?f/?oro?V7<7&Ze, NECESSARY.
necesse, neuter indecl. adj., neces-
sary.
necessitas, -atis, f., [necesse],
NECESSITY.
neco, -are, -avi, -atus, A-z7Z (usually
without a weapon), slay. Cf.
caedo, interficio.
nectar, -aris, n., nectar, drink of
the gods.
necto, -ere, nexui, nexus, tie,
hind. (Con-nect.)
nego, -are, -avi, -atus, [ne + aio,
say], say no, dejiy, refuse. (Neg-
ative.)
neg-otium, -i, n., [nee + otium,
ease] , husiness, matter, tasl\ {Ne-
gotiate.)
ne-mo, -inis, m. and f., [homo],
no one, nohody. Cf. niillus.
Neptunus, -i, m., Neptune, god
of the sea, brother of Jupiter,
neque or nee, conj. and adv., and
not, not; neque . . . neque,
neither . . . nor.
ne-quiquam, adv., in vain, to no
purpose. Cf frustra.
ne-scio, -ire, -ivi, , not know,
be ignorant; nescio quis, some-
body, some. Cf. Tgnoro.
neuter, -tra, -trum, (gen., neu-
trius, dat.,neutri), adj., neither.
(Neuter.)
nidus, -i, m., nest.
nihil, n., indecl., nothing. (Nihilist.)
nihilo-minus, adv., none the less,
nevertheless, notwithstanding.
nimbus, -i, m., (black) rain-cloud.
Cf. imber, nubes.
ni-si, conj., [ne -f si], if not, unless,
except.
nitidus, -a, -um, adj., [niteo,
shine], shining.
nitor, -i, nixus and nisus, strive,
struggle.
nix, nivis, f., snow.
no, nare, navi, , smim, float.
nobilis, -e, adj., [nosco, know],
icell-born, of high hirth, noble.
ncceo, -ere, -cui, -citurus, do
harm to, harm , hurt. (Jn-nocent)
noctii, adv., [nox], by night.
nocturnus, -a, -um, adj., [nox], o/
or for the night, nocturnal.
nolo, nolle, nolui, , [ne +
volo], he umcilling, not wish.
NOMEN
268
OFFA
nomen, -inis, n., [nosco, know],
(means of knowing), name.
(Nominate.)
non, adv., [ne + unum], not. Cf.
baud.
non-dum, adv., not yet.
non-ne, inter, adv., (expects the
answer Yes) , not f Cf. -ne, num.
noster, -tra, -trum, pronom, adj.,
[nos], our, ours.
Notus, -i, m., the south wind.
novem, indecl. num. adj., nine.
noverca, -ae, f., step-mother.
novus, -a, -ura, adj., new, strange.
{Novel.)
nox, noctis, f., night.
nubens, -entis, f., [nubo], bride.
niibes, -is, f., cloud. Cf. nimbus.
nubo, -ere, nupsi, nuptus, (veil
one's self), marry. Cf. duco.
n-ullus, -a, -um, (gen., nullius,
dat., nulli), adj., [ne + ullus],
not any, none, no. (Null.) Cf. nemo.
num, inter, adv., (expects the an-
swer iVb) ; in indirect question,
zvhether. Cf. -ne, nonne.
numerus, -i, m., number.
n-umquam, adv., [ne], never.
nunc, adv., noiv, at present. Cf iara.
niintio, -are, -avi, -atus, [nun-
tius], aw-NOUNCE, report.
nUntius, -i, m., messenger. (E-nun-
ciate.)
ndper, adv., [novus + -per], re-
cently, lately.
nupta, -ae, f., [nubo], bride.
nuptiae, -arum, plur. f., [nubo],
wedding, nuptials.
n-usquaro, adv., [ne], nowhere, in
no place.
nux, nucis, f., nut.
nympha, -ae, f., nymph.
6, interj., Of oh!
ob, prep, with ace, on account of
for; in composition, (1) towards;
(2) down.
ob-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
Ci5], throw before, throiv to, offer.
(Object.)
ob-ruo, -ere, -rui, -rutus, over-
whelm.
ob-ses, -sidis, m. and f., [sedeo],
hostage. i
ob-sideo, -ere, -sedi, -sessus,
[sedeo], (sit down before), be-
siege. Cf. oppugno.
ob-sidi5, -onis, f., [sedeo], siege.
ob-sto, -are, -stiti, , be in the
way, hinder.
ob-stupesco, -ere, -stupui, ,
[stupeo], be STUFE-fied.
ob-tineo, -ere, -tinui, -tentus,
[teneo], hold, possess, gain, ob-
tain.
ob-trunc5, -are, , -atus,[trun-
co, maim], kill, slay, slaughter.
ob-viam, adv., in the way (to), to-
wards, to meet ; obviam venio,
meet.
oc-casio, -onis, f., [ob + cado],
opportunity, occasion.
oc-casus, -us, m., [ob + cado],
going down, setting, sunset.
oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -casus, [ob +
eado], fall down, perish; go
down, set.
oc-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus, [ob +
caedo], cut down, kill, slay. Cf.
neco.
oc-cultus, -a, -um, adj., [occulo,
conceal], concealed, hidden, se-
cret. (Occult)
oc-cup6, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob +
capio], take possession of, seize,
hold, OCCUPY. Cf. potior.
oc-curro, -ere, -curri, -cursus,
[ob + curro], run towards, meet,
OCCUR.
Octavius, -i, m., see Mamilius.
ocuius, -1, m., eye, sight. (Oculist)
odium, -i, n., [odi, hate], hatred.
(Odious.)
offa, -ae, f., (little ball of flour),
cake.
OLEUM
269
PAECUS
oleum, -i, n., oil. (Oleaginous.)
olim, adv., once, once upon a time,
formerly. Cf. aliquando, quon-
dam.
Olympus, -i, m., high mountain on
the borders of Macedonia and
Thessal}^ the seat of the gods.
omen, ominis, n., sign, omex.
omnino, adv., [omnis], altogeilier,
wholly, completely.
omnis, -e, adj., every, all, the
ivhole. (Om/7/-potent.) Cf. cunc-
tus, totus.
oner 5, -are, -avi, -atus, [onus],
loadi burden.
onus, oneris, n., load, burden.
(Onerous.)
onustus, -a, -um, adj., [onus],
laden.
oppidanus, -i, m., [oppidum],
townsman.
oppidum, -i, n., town, city, Cf
urbs.
op-primo, -ere, -pressi, -pressus,
[ob + premo], oppress, crush.
op-pugn5, -are, -avi, -atus, [ob],
attack, storm. Cf exptigno, ob-
sideo.
(ops), opis, f., means, luealth,
riches.
optatus, -a, -um, adj., [opto, wish
for], wished for, longed for.
(Optative.)
optime, see bene,
opus, operis, n.,wo7^Jc, labor, build-
ing, fortification. Cf labor.
ora, -ae, f., shore, coast. Cf. litus.
oraculum, -i, n., [oro], oracle.
oratio, -5ms, f., [oro], oration.
orator, -5ris, m., [oro], orator.
Orbilius, -i, m., teacher of the poet
Horace.
orbis, -is, m., ring, fold, coil ; or-
bis mensa, round table.
ord5, -inis, m., row, order, ranlc.
oriens, -entis, m., [orior], rising,
east. (Orient.)
orior, -iri, ortus, rise.
ornamentum, -i, n., [orno], ad-
ORNMENT, ORNAMENT.
ornatus, -a, -um, adj., [orno],
fitted out, equipped, accoutred,
ac^-ORNED.
orno, -are, -avi, -atus,^^ out, ad-
ORN. Cf. decoro.
oro, -are, -avi, -atus, [5s], pray,
beg, beseech, ask. Cf. quaero,
rogo.
Orpheus, -ei, m., a Thracian bard.
OS, 5ris, n., mouth, feature, face.
(Oral.)
OS, ossis, n., bone. (Ossi-fy.)
os-culum, -i, n., [5s], (little
mouth), kiss.
Ossa, -ae, f., mountain of Thessaly.
os-tend5, -ere, -tendi, -tentus,
[ob], (stretch before), show.
(Ostensible.) Cf. demonstro.
5s-tium, -i, n., door, door -way,
mouth, entrance. Cf. ianua.
ovis, -is, f., sheep.
pabulum, i, n., [pasc5, feed], fod-
der.
Pact51us, -i, m., river of Lydia with
golden sands.
paene, adv., nearly, almost.
palam, adv., openly ; prep, with abl.,
befoi^e.
Palatium, -i, n., the Palatine
hill.
Pallas, -antis, m., brother of Ae-
geus.
pand5, -ere, pandi, passus, spread
out, open, ea:-PAND.
papaver, -eris, n., poppy.
parabant, (they) used to pre-
PARE.
Parca, -ae, f., goddess of Fate;
plur., the (three) Fates.
parc5, -ere, peperci, parsus, use
sparingly, spare. (Parsimony.)
parous, -a, -um, adj., [parc5],
thrifty, frugal.
PARENS
270
PEEIANDER
parens, -entis, m. and f., [pario,
bring forth], parent.
pareo, -ere, -ui, , obey.
paries, -etis, m., wall (in a house).
Cf, mtirus.
pariter, adv., [par, equal], equally,
side by side. (Parity.)
Parnasus, -i, m., mountain of
Greece sacred to Apollo and the
Muses.
paro, -are, -avi, -atus, makeready,
j9re-PARE.
pars, partis, f., part, share, direc-
tion, side, end, place.
parum, adv., too little, not enough.
parum-per, adv., for a short time,
for a moment.
parvolus, -a, -um, adj., [parvus],
very small, little, or young.
parvus, -a, -um, adj., small, little.
Cf. exiguus.
passim, adv., [pando], (outspread),
everywhere.
passus, -us, m., [pateo, extend],
step, pace; mille passuum, a
MILE.
pastor, -oris, m., [pasc5, feed],
shepherd. (Pastor.)
pater, -tris, m., father.
patior, -i, passus, suffer, allow.
(Patient) Cf. tolero.
patria, -ae, f., [pater], father-
land, country. (Patriot.)
pauci, -ae, -a, adj.,/e?^. (Paucity.)
paulo, adv., [paulus, little], a little.
pauper, -eris, adj., poor. (Pauper.)
Cf. miser,
pavimentum, -i, n., pavement.
pax, pacis, f., peace. (Paci-iy.)
peeco, -are, -avi, -atus, make a
mistake, commit a fault, sin.
pecunia, -ae, f., [pecus, cattle],
(wealth in cattle), money. (Pecu-
niary.)
pedester, -tris, -tre, adj., [pes],
pedestrian.
peius, see male.
Pelias, -ae, m., king of Thessaly.
Pelion, -i, n., mountain of Thes-
saly.
pell5, -ere, pepuli, pulsus, drive,
banish, ea?-PEL.
Penates, -ium, m., guardian gods
of the family, household gods.
pendens, -entis, adj., [pendeo,
hang], hanging, pendent.
pendo, -ere, pependi, pensus,
weigh, iceigh out, pay.
penetro, -are, -avi, -atus, enter,
penetrate.
penna, -ae, f.,/m^/ier. (Pen.) Cf.
ala.
pennatus, -a, -um, adj., [penna],
winged.
per, prep, with ace, through, over,
by means of.
per-ago, -ere, -egi, -actus, carry
through, go through ivith, fin-
ish.
per-agro, -are, -avi, -atus, [ager],
roam through.
per-eurro, -ere, -cucurri or
-curri, -cursus, run through,
pass through.
per-ditus, -a, -um, adj., [do], lost,
desperate.
Perdix, -icis, m., nephew of Dae-
dalus.
per-domo, -are, -ui, -itus, [domo,
tame], thoroughly subdue.
per-e5, -ire, -ii, -itiirus, perish.
per-errant, (they) wander through.
per-erro, -are, -avi, -atus, «^?aw^er
through.
per-facilis, -e, adj., very easy,
per-fectus, -a, -um, adj., [facio],
finished, wrought. (Perfect.)
per-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
(bear to the end), endure.
per-fidus, -a, -um, adj., [fides],
faithless, treacherous, perfidi-
ous.
per-go, -ere, perrexi, perrectus,
[reg5], go on, proceed.
Periander, -dri, m., tyrant of Cor-
inth.
PERICULOSUS
271
POPULUS
pericTilosus, -a, -um, adj., [peri-
culumj, dangerous,
periculum, -i, n., [-perior, tryl,
trial, risk, danger.
Periphetes, -ae, m., robber who
lurked near Epidaurus in Ar-
golis.
peristylum, -i, n., peristyle, open
court surrounded bv a colonnade.
Perses, -ae, m., brother of Aeeta.
Perseus, -ei, (ace, Persea), m.,
slajer of Medusa and deliverer
of Andromeda.
per-suadeo, -ere, -suasi, -suasus,
PERSUADE.
per-terreo, -ere, , -itus,
frighten tJioronghJy.
per-turbo, -are, -avi, -atus,
[turba], confuse, dis-TVRB.
per-venio, -ire, -veni, -ventus,
(come through), reach, arrive.
pes, pedis, m., foot, leg (of a table,
chair, etc.); cursus pedum,
foot-race.
pessime, see male,
peto, -ere, -ivi and ii, -itus, seek,
look for, make for, aim at, at-
tack. (Petition.)
Phasis, -idos, (ace, Phasim), river
of Colchis.
Phineus, -ei, (ace. Phinea), m.,
king of Salmydessus in Thrace.
Phrixus, -i, m., son of Athamas
and brother of Helle.
Phrygia, -ae, f., country in Asia
Minor,
pictura, -ae, [pingo], f., painting,
PICTURE.
pictus, -a, -um, adj., [pingo], ^ec-
orated, embroidered. (De-pi ct)
piger, -gra, -grum, adj., sloic,
lazy.
pingo, -ere, pinxi, pictus, paint,
de-FiCT.
pinus, -us, f., PiNE-ifree, pine.
pirum, -i, n., pear.
piscis, -is, m.,Jish. (Piscatorial.)
pius, -a, -um, adj., dutiful, pious.
placeo, -ere, -cui, -citus, please.
planities, -ei, f., plain.
plausus, -lis, m., «^-plause.
plebs, plebis, f., common people,
pojJidace. (Plebeian.)
plenus, -a, -um, adj., [pleo, Jill],
filed, full (Plenty.)
plerum-que, adv., for the most
p>art, generally. Cf. saepe.
Plinius, -i, m., Plinius maior,
Pliny the elder, a Eoman writer.
pliirinium, see multum.
pliirimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
multus], most.
plus, pluris, adj., [comp. of mul-
tus], more. (Plural.)
plus, adv., [plus, adj.], more.
Pluton, -5nis, m., Pluto, brother
of Jupiter and king of the Lower
. World.
pluvia, -ae, f., rain, shower. Cf.
imber.
poculum, -i, n.j drinking vessel,
cup.
poena, -ae, f., [punio], penalty,
punishment.
pollex, -icis, m., thumb.
pol-liceor, -eri, -itus, [pro + li-
ceor, bid^, (hold fovt\\), promise,
Cf. promitto.
Pollux, -ucis, m., twin-brother of
Castor.
Polydectes, -ae, m., king of Seri-
plius.
pom-arium, -i, n., [pdmum],
fruit-garden, orchard.
pompa, -ae, f., procession, parade.
(Pomp.)
Pompeius, -i, m., Pompey, the
great Roman general,
pomum, -i, n. , fruit; app)le. Cf.
malum.
pono, -ere, posui, positus, place.
(Position.) Cf. conloco.
pons, pontis, m., bridge.
pontus, -i, m., sea; Pontus Euxi-
nus, the Black Sea.
populus, -i, m., people.
PORRIGO
272
PREX
por-rigo, -ere, -rexi, rectus,
[pr5 + rego] , stretch forth, ex-
tend.
Porsena, -ae, m., Lars Porsena,
king of Etruria.
porta, -ae, f., gate, entrance, door.
{Portal.) Cf. ianua, ostium,
portat, (he) carries.
portentura, -i, n., [pro + tendd],
omen, portent.
porto, -are, -avi, -atus, hear,
carry. {Porter.) Cf. fero, veho.
portus, -us, m., harbor, port.
posc5, -ere, poposei, , ask, heg
for, demand. Cf. postulo.
pos-sura, posse, potui, , [po-
tis, a5Ze + suni], he ahle, can.
{Possible. )
post, adv., after, hehmd, afterwards ;
prep, with ace, after.
post-ea, adv., afterwards.
posterus, -a, -um, adj., [post],
next, following. {Posterity.)
postis, -is, m., door-vo&T.
post-quam, conj., after.
postremus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
posterus], last.
postulo, -are, -avi, -atus, [posco],
asTc, demand, claim. {Postu-
late.)
Postumius, -i, m., Aulus Postu-
mius, dictator who commanded
the Roman forces at the battle of
ILsike Regillus.
potens, -entis, adj., [possum],
mighty, powerful, potent.
potestas, -atis, f., [potis, able],
power, ability, opportunity.
potior, -iri, -itus, [potis, ablel , get
possession of, obtain. Cf occupo.
prae, prep, with abl., before; on
account of.
prae-beo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [habeo],
hold forth, give, fu7mish ; show.
prae-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
PRECEDE, excel.
prae-ceps, -cipitis, adj., [caput],
headlong; precipitous.
prae-ceptor, -oris, m., [capio],
teacher, instructor, precep-
tor.
prae-cido, -ere, -cidi, -cisus,
[caedd], (cut off in front), cut
off.
prae-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], (take in advance), ivarn,
direct. {Precept.)
prae-cipuus, -a, -um, adj., [ca-
pio], particular, special.
prae-clarus, -a, -um, adj., mag-
nificent, splendid, glorious.
praeda, -ae, f., booty, plunder.
prae-dico, -ere, -dixi, -dictus,
foretell, predict.
prae-fectus, -i, m., [facio], com-
mander, governor. {Prefect.)
prae-mium, -i, n., [emo], reward,
prize. {Premium.)
prae-moneo, -ere, -ui, -itus, /ore-
warn. {Premonition.)
prae-sens, -entis, adj., [sum],
present; immediate.
prae-sidium, -i, n., [sedeo], guard,
garrison, watch.
praeter, prep, with ace, beyond, he-
sides, except.
praeter-ea, adv., (beyond this),/wr-
ther, besides.
praeter-vehor, -i, -vectus, (be
borne past), sail by.
praetor, -oris, m., (a Roman ma-
gistrate charged with the admin-
istration of justice), Jwc^p'e.
prae-validus, -a, -um, adj., very
strong.
prandium, -i, n., luncheon, midday
meal.
pratum, -i, n., meadotv.
preces, see prex.
premo, -ere, pressi, pressus,
press down, turn down.
pretiosus, -a, -um, adj., [pre-
tium], costly, valuable, pre-
cious.
pretium, -i, n., price, value.
prex, precis, f., prayer, entreaty.
PRIMO
273
PKUDENTIA
primo, adv., [primus], at first. Cf.
primum.
primum, adv., [primus], at first,
first; usually beginning an enu-
meration, as, primium . . . de-
inde. Cf. prlmo.
primus, -a, -um, adj., [prae, pro],
first. {Prime. )
prin-ceps, -ipis, adj., [primus +
capio], first, foremost; noun,
PRINCE, cliief.
prior, prius, adj., [comp. from
prae, ^Tb]^ former, first, prior.
prius- quam, conj., lefore; some-
times separated by words, thus :
prius . . . quam.
privo, -are, -avi, -atus, c?e-PRivE,
roh.
pro, prep, with abl., for, on hehalf
of, in return for, instead of; he-
fore, in front of.
probo, -are, -avi, -atus, [pro-
bus, honest], «p-PROVE, prove,
test.
pro-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
advance, proceed. Cf. incedo.
pro-cerus, -a, -um, adj., high, tall.
Cf. altus, eels us.
Procriistes, -ae, (ace. -en), m.,
robber in Attica.
pro-cul, adv., afar, far off.
pro-cumbo, -ere, -cubui, -cubi-
tus, [-cumbo, lie], lean forward,
bejid to.
procus, -i, m., [prex], suitor.
prod-igium, -i, n., [pro + ago],
miracle, prodigy.
pro-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, (give
forth), betray.
proelium, -i, n., battle. Cf. dimi-
catio, pugna.
pro-fecto, adv., [factum], really,
assuredly, certainly.
pro-ficio, -ere, -feci, -fectus,
[facio], (make progress), accom-
plish.
pro-ficiscor, -i, -fectus, [profi-
cio], set out, start, go, depart.
pro-fundus, -a, -um, adj., deep,
TROFOU-SD, fathomless.
pro-gredior, -i, -gressus, [-gra-
dior, step], advance, proceed.
(Progress.) Cf. incedo.
pro-hibeo, -ere, -ui, -itus, [ha-
beo], keep from, forbid, pro-
hibit.
pro-missumi, -i, n., [promitto],
PROMISE.
pro-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
PROMISE. Cf. polliceor.
pro-nuba, -ae, f., [nubo], brides-
maid.
pro-nus, -a, -um, adj., bending or
leaning forward. {Prone. )
prope, adv., and prep, with ace,
near, nigh. Cf. iuxta.
propero, -are, -avi, -atus, hasten.
Cf. festlno.
Pro-pontis, -idis, (ace, Propon-
tida), f., the Propontis or Sea
of Marmora.
propter, prep, with ace, near ; on
account of
Proserpina, -ae, f., daughter of
Ceres and wife of Pluto.
pro-silio, -ire, -ui, , [salio,
leap], leap forward.
pr5-sper, -era, -erum, adj.,[spes],
PROSPEROUS.
pro-spere, adv., [pr5sper], pros-
perously,
pro-sum, prod-esse, pro-fui, be
useful to, benefit, profit.
pro-tinus, adv., [tenus] , forthwith,
immediately. Cf statim.
pro-yeho, -ere, -vexi, -vectus,
carry forward ; pass., sail on.
proximus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of
prope], nearest, next, last.
{Proximity.)
prudens, -entis, adj., [pro + vi-
dens], PRUDENT.
prudenter, adv., [prudens], pru-
dently.
priidentia, -ae, f., [priidens],
prudence.
PUBLICUS
274
QUIS
publicus, -a, -urn, adj., [populus],
PUBLIC.
puella, -ae, f., [dim. of puer], girl.
Cf. Virgo.
puer, -i, m., child, boij.
pugillatio, -onis, f., boxing (with
the cestus).
pugna, -ae, f . , Jighf, battle. (Pugna-
cious.) Cf. dimicatio, proelium.
pugnat, (he)Jights.
pugno, -are, -avi, -atus, [pugna],
Jight. Cf. dimico.
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, ad]., beau-
tiful, fai7% noble, glorious.
pulcherrimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup.
of pulcher], very beautiful, fair-
est.
pulchre, adv., [pulcher], beauti-
fully.
pulso, -are, -avi, -atus, [pello],
beat, x>aw. {Pulse. )
Puniceus, -a, -um, adj., Punic,
reddish', pomuni Puniceum,
pomegranate.
punio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [poena],
PUNISH.
puppis, -is, f., (hinder part of a
ship), stern.
puto, -are, -avi, -atus, think. Cf.
arbitror, sentio.
Pyrrha, -ae, f., wife of Deucalion.
Pythia, -ae, f., the priestess who
uttered the responses of the Del-
phic Apollo.
qua, (1) abl. fern, of qui, by tohich;
(2) abl. fern, of quis, by which or
what f
quadra, -ae, f., [quattuor], square
table.
quadrigae, -arum, f., [quattuor +
iVig,x\.YD.iteam], four -horse chariot.
quae, (1) fern, of qui, which ; (2) fern.
of quis, tvhof ichicli? what?
quaero, -ere, -sivi, -situs, seek,
ask, m-QUiRE. (Question.) Cf.
oro, rogo.
qualis, -e, adj., [qui], of what sort.
(Quality.)
quam, adv. and conj., [qui], how,
as ; with comp., than; with sup.,
as possible ; quam diu, as long
as.
quam ob rem, (1) inter., on what ac-
count? ivhy ? (2)rel., on account
of tvhich, tvhy.
quando, (1) inter, adv., at ivhat time?
when? (2) indef. adv., at any time,
ever.
quantus, -a, -um, adj., [quam],
hoiu great, as. (Quantity.)
quattuor, indecl. num. ad]., four.
-que, enclitic conj., a^id (joins two
words into one conception). Cf.
atque, et.
quem, ace. masc. of quis, whom?
lohat ?
queror, -i, questus, complain.
(Querulous.)
qui, inter, pron., luho? see quis.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,
which, ivhat, that.
quia, conj., because. Cf. quod,
quibus, abl. pi. of quis, from
ivhom ?
qui-curaque, quae-cumque,
quod-cumque, indef. rel. pron.,
whoever, ivhatever.
quid, inter, pron., what ? see
quis.
quidam, quae dam, quoddam and
quiddam, indef. pron., certain,
certain one.
quidem, adv., indeed ; ne . . . qui-
dem, not even.
quiesc5, -ere, -evi, -etus, [quies,
QUIET], rest, repose, be quiet.
quin, conj., [qui + ne], but, indeed,
nay, in fact ; but that, that.
quinque, indecl. num. did]., five.
quis (qui), quae, quid (quod),
(1) inter, pron., who? which?
what? (2) indef. pron., some; fol-
lowing si, nisi, ne, or num,'
any, as si quid, if anything.
QUISQUAM
275
BEICIO
quis-quam, , quic-quam, (no
fern, or plur.), iudef. pron., any
one, ariy thing.
quis-que, quae- que, quid- que
and quod-que, indef. pron.,
each, ecery.
quis-quis, , quic-quid, indef.
pron., whoever, whatever.
quo, inter, adv., whither f where?
quo, abl. masc. of quis, a quo, hy
whom ?
quo-ad, adv., as longas,iuhile; until.
quod, nom. and ace. neut. of qui,
which.
quod, inter, pronom. adj., ivhatf
quOd, conj., [qui], because. Cf.
quia.
qu5 raodo, inter, adv., in what
manner ? in what way ? how f
quondam, adv., once upon a time,
once, formerly. Cf. aliquando,
olim.
quoque, conj., also, too. Cf etiam.
quorum, gen, masc. plur. of quis,
of whom? ivhosef
quot, indecl. adj., (1) inter., how
many? (2) rel., as many as,
as.
quot-annis, adv., eve7^y year, annu-
ally.
quot-ies, adv., ^oif? often ? how many
times ?
R
ramus, -i, m., branch, (Rami-fy.)
rana, -ae, i.,frog.
rapidus, -a, -um, adj., [rapio],
swift, RAPID. Cf. celer.
rapio, -ere, -ui, -tus, seize, snatch,
carry off. (Rapine.) Cf capio.
ratis, -is, f ., rafl, vessel, boat.
re-, inseparable particle meaning
again, back.
re-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus, go
bade, RECEDE.
re-cipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[capio], recover, receive; se
recipio, loithdraw^ retreat.
rectio, -onis, f., [rego], guidingt
f?i-RECTiON, government.
rector, -oris, m., [rego], guide,
ruler. (Rector.)
rectus, -a, -um, adj., [regd], di-
RECT, straight.
re-cu-so, -are, -avi, -atus, [causa],
object, decline, refuse.
red-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [re-],
give back, restore, return, ren-
der, give, administer. Cf resti-
tuo.
red-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, [re-], go
back, return. Cf revertor.
red-igo, -ere, -egi, -actus, [re- +
ago], reduce.
red-itus, -iis, m., [redeo], re-
turn.
re-duco, -ere, -diixi, -ductus,
draiv back, lead back; reduce.
Cf. redigo.
re-fero, -ferre, rettuli, -latus,
bring back; relate; refer;
gratiam refero, return thanks.
re-fugio, -ere, -fugi, , shrink
from, shun. (Refugee.)
refulgeo, -ere, -fulsi, , flash
back, reflect light, glitter, gleam.
(Refulgent.)
regia, -ae, f., [regius], royal palace,
castle.
Hegillus, -i, m., small lake in La-
tium.
regina, -ae, f., [rex], queen.
regio, -onis, f., direction, region,
district.
regius, -a, -um, adj., [rex], of a
king, royal, regal.
regnator, -oris, m., [regno], ruler.
regno, -are, -avi, -atus, [reg-
num], reign. Cf. rego.
regnum, -i, n., [rex], kingdom,
throne.
rego, -ere, rexi, rectus, cZ^-rect,
rule. Cf. regno.
re-icio, -ere, -ieci, -iectus, [ia-
cio], throw back, drive back^ re-
JECT,
BELINQUO
276
SACRIFICO
re-linqu6, -ere, -liqui, -lictus,
[linquo, leave] , leave behind,
abandon, relinquish. Cf. de-
sero.
re-liquus, -a, -um, adj., [relin-
quo], remaining, the rest of. Cf.
ceterus.
remus, -i, m., oar.
re-novo, -are, -avi, -atus, [no-
vus], renew. (Renovate.)
re-nuntio, -are, -avi, -atus, re-
port, fm-NOUNCE. (Renounce.)
re-perio, -ire, repperi, repertus,
[pari5, bring forth], find out,
find, discover. Cf. invenio.
re-peto, -ere, -ivi, -itus, seek
again, return to, revisit, retrace.
(Repetition.)
re-potia, -orum, plur. n., [poto,
drink], return banquet, (feast on
the day after a wedding).
res, rei, f., thing, affair, circum-
stance, business, campaign.
re-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , resist.
re-spicio, -ere, -spexi, -spectus,
[-specie, look], look back. (Re-
spect. )
re-spondeo, -ere, -di, -spdnsus,
ansiver, respond.
re-sponsum, -i, n., [respondeo],
answer, response.
res publica, rei publicae, f., state,
commonwealth, republic.
re-stinguo, -ere, -nxi, -nctus,
[stinguo, put out], put out, ex-
tinguish.
re-stituo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [sta-
tuo], put back, restore. (Resti-
tution.) Cf reddo.
rete, -is, n., net.
retiarius, -i, m., [rete], gladiator
wlio carried a net to entangle his
adversary.
re-traho, -ere, -traxi, -tractus,
draiv back, drag back. (Retract.)
re-verto, -ere, -ti, , (used only
in perf. stem, see reverter), re-
turn.
re-vertor, -i, -versus, (used in-
stead of reverto in pres., imp.,
and fut.), return. (Revert.) Cf
redeo.
re-vincio, -ire, -vinxi, -vinctus,
bind back, tie behind, bind.
re-voeo, -are, -avi, -atus, call
back, RECALL.
rex, regis, m., [rego], king. (Re-
gal.)
Rhenus, -i, m., river Rhine.
rideo, -ere, risi, risus, laugh,
laugh at, ridicule.
rima, -ae, f., crack, fissure, opening.
ripa, -ae, f., bank (of a river). Cf
lltus.
ritus, -us, m., religious obs-ervance,
ceremony, rite.
rogo, -are, -avi, -atus, ask. Cf
oro, quaero.
rogus, -i, m., fu7ieral pile, 2W^e.
Koma, -ae, f., Rome.
Romanus, -a, -um, adj., [Koma],
Roman.
Romulus, -i, m., first king of Rome.
rosa, -ae, f., rose.
rostrum, -i, n., beak, ship^s beak;
plur., the ROSTRA, a platform for
speakers in the Forum, adorned
with beaks of captured ships.
rota, -ae, f., ivheel. (Rotate.)
ruber, -bra, -brum, ad]., red.
rubor, -oris, m., [ruber], redness.
ruina, -ae, f., [ruo], ruin.
rumor, -oris, m., report, rumor.
ruo, -ere, rui, rutus, rush. (Ruin.)
ru-pes, -is, f ., rock, cliff. Cf saxum.
riis, riiris, n., the country, lands,
fields. (Rural.)
rusticus, -i, m., [riis], country-
man.
S
Sabinus, -a, -um, adj., Sabine.
sacer, -era, -crura, adj., sacred ;
Sacra Via, street in the Forum.
sacri-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sa-
crum + facio], sacrifice.
SAEPE
277
SEKO
saepe, adv., often, frequently. Cf
pleruinque.
saepe numero, again and again,
repeatedly.
saevio, -ire, -ii, -itiis, [saevus],
he furious, rage.
saevitia, -ae, f., [saevus], fury,
fierceness, harshness, severity.
saevus, -a, -um, adj., fierce, cruel,
savage. Cf. ferox, ferus.
sagitta, -ae, f., arroio.
saltern, adv., at least, at any rate.
saltus, -us, m., ivoodland, glade,
tvood. Cf. silva.
salus, -utis, f., health, safety.
(Salutary.)
" Salve," [imperative of salveo,
beiveil], " Welcome.'^
sanguineus, -a, -um, adj., [san-
guis, bloody. (Sanguinary.)
sanguis, -inis, m., blood. (San-
guine. )
sapiens, -entis, adj., [sapio, be
wise], wise.
sapienter, adv., [sapiens], ivisely.
satelles, -itis, m. and f., attendant,
courtier. (Satellite.)
satis, adv. and indecl. adj., enough.
saxeus, -a, -um, adj., [saxum], of
rock, of stone.
saxum, -i, n., rock, stone. Cf.
lapis, rapes.
Scaevola, -ae, m., [scaevus, left],
C. Mucins Scaevola, who
showed Porsena the invincible
spirit of the Romans by holding
his right hand in the fire.
scamnum, -i, n., stool, step.
scelus, -eris, n., crime, wickedness.
Cf. crimen,
sceptrum, -i, n., sceptre.
Schoeneus, -ei, m., father of Ata-
lanta.
scientia, -ae, f., [scioj, knowledge,
SCIENCE, skill.
scio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, know. Cf.
cognosco.
Sciron, -onis, m., robber, who
lived near Megara.
scopulus, -i, m., rock, crag. Cf.
rQpes, saxum.
scriba, -ae, m., clerk, official
SCRIBE, secretary.
scribo, -ere, -psi, -ptus, write.
(Scribble.)
scriptor, -oris, m., [scribo], writ-
er, author. (Script.)
scutum, -i, n., (long wooden) shield.
Cf. clipeus.
se, himself, herself, itself, themselves.
se-, inseparable particle meaning
apart.
se-cludo, -ere, -clusi, -cliisus,
[claudo], shut apart, se-
clude.
secundus, -a, -um, adj., [sequor],
(following), second, favorable,
favoring.
seciiris, -is, f., [seco, cut], axe.
secutus, see sequor.
sed, conj., but. Cf at, autem.
sedeo, -ere, -sedi, sessus, sit.
(Session.)
sedes, -is, f., [sedeo], seat, abode.
sedile, -is, n., [sedeo], chair, seat.
seges, -etis, f., corn-field, crop.
sella, -ae, f., [sedeo], seat, chair.
semita, -ae, f., narrow ivay, foot-
path.
semper, adv., ever, always.
senator, -oris, m., [senex, old
man], senator.
sentio, -ire, sensi, sensus, feel,
perceive. (Sensation.)
sepelio, -ire, -ivi, -pultus, bury.
(Sepulchre.)
septem, indecl. num. adj., seven.
septies, num. adv., seven times.
sequor, -i, ^eQVit^x^, follow , pursue.
(Sequence.)
Seriphos, -i, (ace, Seriphon), f.,
Seriphus, a small island in the
Aegean Sea.
sermo, -onis, m., conversation.
sero, -ere, sevi, satus, sow, plant.
SERPEKS
278
SPECTO
serpens, -entis, m. or f., [serpo,
crawl], SERPENT, snake. Cf.
anguis.
servio, -ire, -ivi, -itus, [servus],
SERVE.
servo, -are, -avi, -atus, save, Iceep,
pre-SERVE.
servus, -i, m., slave, servant.
sestertius, -i, m., (gen. plur., ses-
tertium), sesterce, a small
silver coin, worth about four
cents.
severus, -a, -um, adj., stern,
severe.
sex, indecl. num. adj., six.
Sextus, -i, m., son of Tarquinius
Superbus.
si, conj., if.
sibila, -orum, plur. n., hissings.
(Sibilant)
sic, adv., so, tlms. Cf. ita.
sica, -ae, f., (curved) dagger.
Sicilia, -ae, f., Sicily.
Siciliensis, -e, adj., [Sicilia], Si-
cilian.
signi-fico, -are, -avi, -atus, [sig-
num + facio], signify.
signum, -i, n., signal, sign, toTcen.
silva, -ae, f., wood, forest. (Silvan.)
Cf saltus.
similis, -e, adj., like, resembling,
similar.
simul, adv., [sirailis], at the same
time ; simul ac or atque, as
soon as.
simulacrum, -i, n., [simulo, imi-
tate], likeness, image, statue. Cf.
statua.
sin, conj., [si + ne], but if
si-ne, prep, with abl., without.
singuli, -ae, -a, num. adj., one to
each, 07ie by one. (Singular.)
Sinis, -is, m., robber living near the
Isthmus of Corinth, who was
slain by Theseus.
sinister, -tra, -trum, adj., left, on
the left hand. (Sinister.) Cf,
laevus.
sisto, -ere, stiti, status, [sto],
stop.
sitis, -is, f., no plur., thirst.
socer, -eri, m.., father-iii-law .
socius, -i, m., companion, as-soci-
Ate. Cf comes.
sol, solis, (no gen. plur.),m., sun.
(Solar.)
solea, -ae, f., sandal. (Sole.) Cf.
calceus.
soleo, -ere, -itus, semi-deponent,
be accustomed.
soU-emnis, -e, adj., [soUus, whole,
+ annus] f appointed ; solemn.
soUi-citus, -a, -um, adj., [soUus,
ivhole, + cieo, rouse], anxious,
troubled, solicitous.
solus, -a, -um, (gen., solius, dat.,
soli), adj., alone, only, sole.
solvOj -ere, solvi, soliitus, loose,
loosen: navem solvo, set sail;
pay. (Solve.)
somnium, -i, n., [somnus], dream.
somnus, -i, m., sleep. (Soww-ambu-
lism.)
sonitus, -us, m., [son5], sound.
sono, -are, -ui, -itus, [sonus],
sound, re-souND.
sonus, -i, m., sound, noise. Cf.
fragor.
soporatus, -a, -um, adj., [sopor,
slumber], buried in sleep. (Sopo-
rific. )
soror, -5ris, f., sister.
sors, sortis, f., Zo^. (Sort.)
Sp., abbreviation for Spurius.
spargo, -ere, spar si, sparsus, scat-
ter, sprinkle. (Sparse.)
spatium, -i, n., space, distance^
interval.
species, (-ei), f., appearance, show.
(Species.)
spectaculum, -i, n.,[spect6], show,
SPECTACLE, exhibition, amuse-
ment, entertainment.
spectant, (they) look at, gaze at.
specto, -are, -avi, -atus, [-specig,
look], look at, gaze at.
SPECUS
2T9
SUMMUS
specus, -us, m., cave, cavern.
spes, -ei, f., hope.
spina, -ae, f., low wall in the mid-
dle of the Circus, around which
the races were run.
splendidus, -a, -um, adj., [splen-
deo, shine], splendid, magnifi-
cent, glittering.
spolio, -are, -avi, -atus, rob, plun-
der, rfe-sPOiL.
sponda, -ae, f., bed or couch frame.
spondeo, -ere, spopondi, spon-
sus, promise sacredly. {Sponsor.)
stabulum, -i, n., [stoj, stall, sta-
ble.
stadium, -i, n., stade, a distance
of 625 Roman feet, or 606| Eng-
lish feet.
stagnum, -i, n., [sto], (standing
water), pond, lake. {Stagnant)
Cf. lacus.
statira, adv., [sto], immediately, at
once. Cf. protinus.
statua, -ae, f., [sto], statue
(mostly of men). Cf simula-
crum.
statuo, -ere, -ui, -utus, [sto], fix,
decide, determine. {Statute,)
statura, -ae, f,[sto], height, size,
STATUPvE.
status, -us, m., [sto], standing, con-
dition, STATE.
Stella, -ae, f., star. {Stellar.)
stipendium, -i, n., [stips, gift, +
pendo], pay, stipend.
sto, stare, steti, status, stand.
stragulus, -a, -um, adj., /or cover
ing ; stragula vestis, covering,
spread, blanket.
stridulus, -a, -um, adj., shrill.
stringo, -ere, strinxi, strictus,
(draw tight), touch lightly, graze.
{Stringent.)
struo, -ere, struxi, structus,
build, C071-STKUCT; devise, con-
trive, plot.
stultus, -a, -um, adj., foolish.
(Stulti-fy.)
stuped, -ere, -ui, , be amazed ^
be STUPK-fied, be terror-stricken.
sub, prep, with ace. (to denote mo-
tion toward), and abl. (to denote
place where), under, beloiv, at
the foot of; in composition, (1)
under, beneath; (2) from be-
neath, up; (3) secretly; (4)
slightly.
sub-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, p>ut
under, plunge into.
sub-eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go under,
enter ; undergo.
sub-eundus, gerundive of subeo.
subito, adv., [subitus], suddenly.
sub-itus, -a, -um, adj., [subeo],
sudden.
sub-levo, -are, -avi, -atus, [levo,
lift], raise up.
sublicius, -a, -um, adj., [sublica,
pile], resting ujjon piles; Pons
Sublicius, the pile-bridge across
the Tiber.
sub-mergo, -ere, -mersi, -mer-
sus, dip under, submePvGE.
sub-rideo, -ere, -risi, , (laugh
slightly) , smile.
sub-ripio, -ere, -ui, -reptus, [ra-
pid], snatch away, filch, steal.
{Surreptitious.)
sub-sequor, -i, -secutus, follow
closely.
sub-sisto, -ere, -stiti, , stop>
for a moment, pause, halt.
subter, prep, with ace. (to denote
motion toward), or abl. (to de-
note place where), underneath.
suc-cedo, -ere, -cessi, -cessus,
[sub], come uj), draiv near, ap-
proach. {Succeed.)
Suessiones, -um, plur. m., a people
of Gaul.
sui, of himself, herself, itself, them-
selves.
sulcus, -i, m., furrow.
sum, esse, fui, futiirus, be.
summus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of su-
perus], highest, top of. {Summit)
SUMO
280
TARQUINIUS
sumo, -ere, sumpsi, sumptus,
take, take up, «s-sume. Cf.
capio.
sunt, (they) are.
supellex, -leetilis, f., farniture.
super, prep, with ace. (to denote mo-
tion toward), and abl. (to denote
place where), over, above, upon.
superbia, -ae, f., [superbus],
pride, lumghtiness, arrogance.
superbus, -a, -um, adj., [super],
proud, haughty, arrogant. {Su-
perb.)
Superbus, see Tarquinius.
super-emineo, -ere, , ,
over-top, tower above. {Eminent.)
superior, -ius, adj., [comp. of su-
perus], higher, upper part of.
{Superior.)
supero, -are, -avi, -atus, [super],
overcome, conquer. Cf. vinco.
super-sum, -esse, -fui, , be
over, remain.
superus, -a, -um, adj., [super],
upper.
sup-plex, -icis, adj., [sub + plico,
bend], suppliant.
sup-plicium, -i, n., [supplex],
punishment, torture.
sup-pono, -ere, -posui, -positus,
[sub], place under or beneath.
{Suppose.)
supra, adv., and prep, with ace,
above.
surgo, -ere, surrexi, , [sub +
rego], rise. {Surge.)
sus, suis, m. and i., swine, pig, soiv.
sus-eipio, -ere, -cepi, -ceptus,
[sub + capio], undertake, take
up. {Susceptible.)
sus-pendo, -ere, -di, -pensus,
[sub], hang up, suspend.
su-spicor, -ari, -atus, [sub +
-specie, look], mistrust, sus-
pect.
sus-tineo, -ere, -ui, -tentus, [sub
+ tene5], sustain, hold up, keep
back, check.
I sus-tuli, see tollo.
suus, -a, -um, adj., [sui], (his
own), his, her, its, tlieir.
Sjrmplegades, -um, (ace, -ga-
das), f., the Symplegades, two
small rocky islands in the Black
Sea, which closed upon ships and
crushed them.
T., abbreviation for Titus.
taberna, -ae, f., shop.
tablinum, -i, n., [tabula], room
between the atrium and peri-
style, where the tabulae or fam-
ily records were kept.
tabula, -ae, f., tablet, record;
plur., papers, documents, ar-
chives.
tacitus, -a, -um, adj., [taceo, be
silent], silent. {Tacit.)
Taenarus, -i, m., the southernmost
promontory of Greece.
talaria, -ium, plur. n., winged san-
dals.
Talassi5! wedding salutation, per-
haps the name of a god of mar-
riage.
talis, -e, ad]., such.
tam, adv., so. Cf ita, sic.
tamien, conj. and adv., nevertheless,
however, yet, but.
tandem, adv., [tam], at length, at
last. Cf denique.
tango, -ere, tetigi, tactus, touch.
{ Tangible. )
tantum modo, adv., only, merely.
tantus, -a, -um, adj., so great.
tarditas, -atis, f., [tardus], slow-
ness, tardiness.
tardus, -a, -um, adj., sZoi^;, tardy.
Tarpeia, -ae, f., damsel who be-
trayed the citadel to the Sa-
bines.
Tarquinius, -i, m., Tarquinius
Superbus, the last king of
Rome.
TARTARA
281
TRANS
Tartara, -orum, plur. n., Tar-
tarus, the infernal regions.
taurus, -i, m., bull.
te, ace. of tu, you.
tectum, -i, n., [teg5j, roof; build-
ing.
tego, -ere, texi, tectus, cover, pro-
TECT.
telum, -i, n., weapon. Cf. hasta,
iaculum.
temere, adv., rashly.
tempestas, -atis, f., [tempus],
tveather ; storm, tempest.
templum, -i, n., temple.
tempto, -are, -avi, -atus, [tendo],
try, TEMPT, bribe. Cf. conor, ex-
perior.
tempus, -oris, n., time, season,
weather. {Temporal.)
tendo, -ere, tetendi, tentus,
(stretch), hold one^s course, tend.
tenebrae, -arum, plur. f., shadows,
shades, darkness.
teneo, -ere, -ui, , hold, keep,
reach, gain. {Tenant.) Cf. habeo.
tener, -era, -erum, adj., tender.
tenuis, -e, adj., thin, meagre. {At-
tenuated. )
tenus, prep, with abl., as far as.
tergum, -i, n., back, skin, hide.
terra, -ae, f., earth, land. {Terrace.)
terreo, -ere, -ui, -itus, frighten,
alarm, terri-/?/*
terribilis, -e, adj., [terreo] , c^rearf-
ful, fearful, terrible. Cf.
dirus.
territus, -a, -um, adj., [terred],
TERRI-/e(Z.
terror, -oris, m., [terreo], dread,
alarm, terror.
tertius, -a, -um, adj., [ter, thrice],
third.
tessellatus, -a, -um, adj., [tes-
sella, small cw6e], (made of small
cubes), mosaic.
testis, -is, m. and f., zvitness. {Tes-
ti-fy.)
testudo, -inis, f., tortoise.
Themis, -idis, f., goddess of justice
and of prophecy.
Theseus, -ei, (dat., Thesei, ace,
Thesea), most famous hero of
Athens.
Thessalia, -ae, f., Thessaly, a
country in the north of Greece.
Thracia, -ae, f., Thrace, a coun-
try north-east of Greece.
Thracius, -a, -um, adj., [Thracia],
of Thrace, Thracian.
Thrax, -acis, m., gladiator in Thra-
cian armor.
Tiberis, -is, m., the river Tiber.
tibi-cen, -inis, m., [tibia, flute +
cano] , flute-player.
timeo, -ere, -ui, tfear. {Timid.)
Cf. vereor.
timor, -oris, m., [timeo], fear.
{Timorous.) Cf. metus.
Tiphys, -yos, m., pilot of the Argo.
Titus, -i, m., a Roman name.
togatus, -a, -um, adj., [toga], wear-
ing the TOGA, (a gown or robe
worn only by Roman citizens).
tolero, -are, -avi, -atus, bear, en-
dure, sustain, tolerate. Cf
patior.
toUo, -ere, sus-tuli, sub-latus,
lift, raise, pick up. (Ex-tol.)
torus, -i, m., mattress.
tot, indecl. adj., so many.
tot-i-dem, indecl. num. adj., [tot +
-dem] , the same number of.
totus, -a, -um, (gen., totius, dat.,
toti], adj., the whole, entire, all.
Cf ctinctus, omnis.
tra-do, -ere, -didi, -ditus, [trans],
give over, hand over, deliver. {Tra-
dition.)
tra-dHco, -ere, -duxi, -ductus,
[trans] , lead across.
trah5, -ere, traxi, tractus, draw,
drag. {A.t-tract.)
tra-n5, -are, -avi, , [trans],
stvim across.
trans, prep, with ace, across, over,
beyond.
TRANSEO
282
USQUE
trans- eo, -ire, -ii, -itus, go across^
cross over, cross. (Transition.)
Cf. transmitto.
trans-fero, -ferre, -tuli, -latus,
bear across, transfer. Cf.
trans port o.
tran-silio, -ire, -ui, , [trans +
salio, leap], leap across or
over.
trans-mitto, -ere, -misi, -missus,
send across ; go across, cross.
(Transmit) Cf. transeo.
trans-porto, -are, -avi, -atus,
carry across, transport. Cf.
transfero.
tre-centi, -ae, -a, num. adj., [tres
+ centum] , three hundred.
tremo, -ere, -ui, , shake, quiv-
er, TREMBLE.
tres, tria, num. adj., three.
tribunal, -alis, n., judgment -seat,
TRIBUNAL.
tributum, -i, n., tribute.
tricliniaris, -e, adj., [triclinium],
of a dining-room.
triclinium, -i, n., dining-room.
triumphus, -i, m., triumphal
procession, triumph.
Troezen, -enis, f., Troezene, an
ancient city of Argolis.
tii, pers. pron., you.
tuba, -ae, f., trumpet.
tum, adv., then, at that time.
tumidus, -a, -um, adj., [tumeo,
siveW], swollen, swelling. (Tu-
mid. )
tumultus, -us, m., [tumeo, swell],
uproar, noise, hustle, disorder,
tumult.
tunica, -ae, f., under-garment,
TUNIC.
turba, -ae, f., crowd. (Di^-turb.)
Cf. caterva.
turpis, -e, adj., base, disgraceful,
ugly.
turris, -is, f., tower; regia tur-
ris, castle.
tussis, -is, f., cough.
tiitus, -a, -um, adj., [tueor, pro-
tect], safe. Cf. incolumis, in-
tactus.
tuus, -a, -um, adj., [tii], your.
tyrannus, -i, m., monarch, king;
despot, TYRANT.
U
ubi, adv., (1) rel., where, when; (2)
inter., where f
ubi-que, adv., everywhere. (Ubiqui-
tous.)
iillus, -a, -um, (gen., uUius, dat.,
ulli), adj., [for unulus, dim. of
unus], (with a negation ex-
pressed or implied), any. Cf.
quis.
interior, -ius, adj., [comp. of iil-
tra] , farther. ( Ulterior. )
iiltimus, -a, -um, adj., [sup. of iil-
tra], farthest, last. (Ultimate.)
iiltra, adv., and prep, with ace, be-
yond, further.
ultro, adv., of one^s own accord,
voluntarily.
umerus, -i, m., shoulder.
iina, adv., [iinus], (in one with),
together ivith.
unda, -ae, f., wave.
unde, adv., (l) rel., whence; (2)
inter., whence?
undi-que, adv., [unde], from all
sides, on all sides.
unguentum, -i, n., [unguo], oint-
ment, UNGUENT.
ungu5, -ere, unxi, iinctus, smear,
f/n-oiNT. (Unction.)
unguis, -is, m., nail, claw, talon.
unus, -a, -um, (gen., iinius, dat.,
iini), num. adj., one, alone; ad
iinum, to a man.
urbanus, -a, -um, adj., [urbs], of
or belonging to the city, city.
(Urbane.)
urbs, urbis, f., city. (Snh-urb.) Cf.
oppidum.
usque, adv., up to, until, even.
usus
283
VESTIBULUM
■Qsus, -us, m., [utor], use, needy-
experience.
ut or uti, conj., (1) with indie, as,
when; (2) with subj., that, in
order that.
ut-curaque, adv., whenever.
uter, utra, utrum, (gen., utrius,
dat., utri), inter, pron., which (of
two)? which?
uter- que, utra- que, utrum -que,
indef . pron., each (of two).
utilis, -e, adj., [utor], vsK-ful.
uti-nam, adv., would that I O
that I
utor, -i, usus, USE.
utrim-que, adv., [uterque], on
both sides, on both ends.
uxor, -oris, f ., wife.
vacca, -ae, f., coiv. {Vaccinate.)
vacuus, -a, -um, adj., [vaco, 6e
empty], empty, vacant.
vado, -ere, , , go, walk, pro-
ceed.
vagor, -ari, -atus, wander, rove.
{Vagrant.)
valde, adv., [validus], (strongly),
exceedingly, very.
vale, [imperative of valeo, be ivell],
farewell, good-by.
validus, -a, -um, adj., [valeo, be
well], strong, stout, powerful.
Cf. fortis.
varius, -a, -um, adj., various.
vasto, -are, -avi, -atus, [vastus],
ravage, c?e-VASTATE.
vastus, -a, -um, adj., immense,
VAST. Cf. ingens, magnus.
vates, -is, m. and f., soothsayer,
prophet ; bard, singer, poet.
vectigal, -alis, n., tax.
vehementer, adv., violent ly,VEKE-
MENTLY.
veho, -ere, vexi, veetus, carry;
pass., sail or ride. Cf. fero,
porto.
Veiens, -entis, adj., [Veil], of
Veii, Veientian.
Veientanus, -a, -um, adj., [Veii],
of Y Ell, Veientian.
Veii, -orum, plur. m., city of Etru-
ria.
vellus, -eris, n., fleece.
velo, -are, -avi, -atus, [velum],
VEIL.
velum, -i, n., sail; curtain; veil,
venatio, -onis, f., [venor], hunt-
ing.
vene-fica, -ae, f., [venerium +
f acio] , poisoner, sorceress.
venenum, -i, n., poison, venom.
venia, -ae, f., indulgence, favor,
pardon. {Venial.)
venio, -ire, veni, ventus, come.
venor, -ari, -atus, hunt.
ventus, -i, m., wind. Cf. aura.
Venus, -eris, f., goddess of love.
ver, veris, n., spring. (Vernal.)
verber, -eris, n., lash, whip.
verberabat, (he) used to whip, beat.
verberat, (he) whips, beats.
verbero, -are, -avi, -atus, [ver-
ber], ivhip, beat. {Re-uerberate.)
Cf. ferio.
verbum, -i, n., word. (Verbal.)
vereor, -eri, -itus, re-v ep^e; fear.
Cf. timeo.
Vergilius, -i, m., Vergil, a Roman
poet.
vero, adv. and conj., [verus], in-
deed, but, however.
verto, -ere, verti, versus, turn,
change. (Re-uerse.)
verus, -a, -um, adj., true, real;
re vera, in truth, in fact, really.
(Verity.)
vescor, -i, , feed upon, live on,
eat.
vesper, -eri and -eris, m., evening.
vesperi, adv., [vesper], i7i the even-
ing.
Vesta, -ae, f., goddess of the hearth.
vestibulum, -i, m., entrance court,
vestibule.
VESTIGIUM
284
ZETES
vestigmm, -i, n., footstep ^ step,
trace, remnant, vestige.
vestis, -is, f., garment, clothing,
VESTURE.
vetus, -eris, adj., ancient. {Veteran.)
via, -ae, f., way, road, street.
viator, -oris, m., [via], wayfarer,
traveller.
vibro, -are, -avi, -atus, vibrate;
glitter, gleam.
vicinus, -i, m., [vicus], neighbor.
( Vicinity. )
vici, see vinco.
victor, -oris, adj., [vinco], con-
quering, VICTORIOUS.
victor, -oris, m., [vinco], con-
queror, VICTOR.
victoria, -ae, f., [victor], victory.
vicus, -i, m., street, village.
vide-licet, adv., [videre licet, it
is alloiced to see], (one may see),
clear It/, evideritly.
video, -ere, vidi, visus, see ; pass.,
seem, appear. {Vision.)
videt, (he) sees.
vigiiia, -ae, f., [vigil, watchful],
watch, guard, sentinels.
viginti, indecl. num. adj., twenty.
villa, -ae, f., farmhouse, coimtry-
house, VILLA.
vincio, -ire, vinxi, vinctus, hind.
vinco, -ere, vici, victus, conquer.
Cf supero.
vinculum, -i, n., [vincio], bond,
fetter ; ^\\xy., prison.
vinum, -i, n., wine.
vir, viri, m., man, husband, man {of
principle), hero. Cf. homo,
vires, see vis .
virga, -ae, f., rod.
virgo, -inis, f., maiden, virgin.
Cf. puella.
virilis, -e, adj., [vir], manly. {Vi-
rile.)
virtiis, -utis, f., [vir], courage,
bravery , valor ; virtue.
vis, (vis), ace. vim, abl. vi, t., force,
violence; plur., vires, virium,
strength.
vita, -ae, f., [vivoj, life. {Vital.)
vitat, (lie) avoids»
vito, -are, -avi, -atus, avoid, shun,
escape. Cf. effugio.
vitta, -ae, f., head-band, fillet (worn
by victims led to sacrifice).
vivo, -ere, vixi, victurus, live.
{Victuals.)
vix, adv., hardly, scarcely.
voco, -are, -avi, -atus, call, name,
summoji, invite. (Vocal.) Cf ap-
pello.
volgo, -are, -avi, -atus, [volgus,
people], x>ublish, spread abroad,
circulate, report. {Vulgar.)
volnero, -are, -avi, -atus, [vol-
nus J , wound. { Vulnerable. )
volnus, -eris, n., wound.
volo, -are, -avi, -atiirus, fiy.
volo, velle, volui, , wish, will.
{Volition.)
volpes, -is, f., fox.
volucer, -eris, -ere, adj., [volo],
icinged, fleet, sioift.
volvo, -ere, volvi, voliitus, roll,
re-voLVE, ponder.
voveo, -ere, v5vi, votus, vow.
vox, vocis, f., [voco], voice.
Zeno, -onis, m., a philosopher.
Zetes, -ae, m., one of the Argo-
nauts.
Scudder's Gradatim.
Scudder's Gradatim,
An Easy Latin Reader for Beginners.
With Vocabulary. . . l6mo, cloth, 230 pages, 50 cents.
George H. Browne, Preparatory School, Cam-
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text and improved vocabulary, it will be still more
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F. S. Fosdick, Principal Classical Department^
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Prof. Jacob Cooper, Rutgers College, N.J. — An
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Prof. John H. Grove, Wesley an University, Ohio.
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it will commend itself to all instructors.
O. S. Westcott, Principal North Division High
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Prof. B. L. D'Ooge, Normal School, Ypsilanti,
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able collection of easy Latin selections, and cannot
fail to be useful as an introduction to Caesar, or
afterwards for supplementary work.
Allyn &- Bacon, Boston and Chicago.
Rolfe's
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The text has been especially prepared for read-
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II. Latin Composition. Practice in turning
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The selections give a sketch of Roman History,
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The Lives of
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By John C. Rolfe, Ph.D.,
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i2mo, cloth, 371 pages. Price, ^i.io.
In general the same plan is followed as in the
Selections from Viri Romae.
In the text as well as elsewhere throughout
bhe book, the quantity of all the long vowels is
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The notes are designed to enable the pupil to
understand the writer's meaning, and to get a
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The publishers, moreover, deserve a share of the
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Allyn &■ Bacon .... Boston.
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Richard M. Jones, Head-Master Wm. Penn
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rather than as offering mere material for gram-
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The Letters are selected with reference to the
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As material for short exercises for sight trans-
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One or both hooks are in use in the High Schools at
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Kelsey^s
Selections
from
Ovid.
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Notes, Vocabula-
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Lr. C. Hull, LawrencevilU School, N. J. — Pro-
fessor Kelsey has again shown how admirably he
can meet the wants of good teachers. But his edi-
tion of Ovid does more than this. We have all
read the stereotyped testimonial which tells that the
author has satisfied a long felt want. But a really
good text-book should inspire as well as gratify an
appetite. The book that merely chronicles the best
system in vogue at the time of its publication, adds
little to the history of teaching. This edition of
Ovid must quicken the poetic sense of even the most
prosaic teachers. I cannot help feeling that many a
pupil will thank Professor Kelsey for having shown
how the same themes that inspired Ovid still live in
our own English classics. Hitherto we have had to
send our boys to Bulfinch for such proofs. Now we
have had given to us a manual of mythology, a
scholarly edition of a Latin classic, and an abun-
dance of poetic inspiration, all at once. Ovid did
not write to exhibit the grammatical usages of his
day, or to help make philologists; and Professor
Kelsey has not made the mistake of supposing that
his verses are best used when they are made to
serve such purposes.
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